IPSHU 尋媶曬崘僔儕乕僘

尋媶曬崘No.29

 

 

晲椡暣憟偵偍偗傞

楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡

 

 

幝揷丂塸楴

 

 

October, 2002

乮報嶞斉丒俀侽侽俀擭侾侽寧弌斉乯

 

嵟廔夵掶斉俀侽侽俀擭侾侾寧

乮報嶞斉弌斉埲崀偵僂僃僽僒僀僩忋偱側偝傟偨夵掶売強偵偮偄偰乯

 

 

峀搰戝妛暯榓壢妛尋媶僙儞僞乕

俈俁侽乗侽侽俆俁 峀搰巗拞嬫搶愮揷挰侾乗侾乗俉俋

TEL 侽俉俀 俆係俀 俇俋俈俆

FAX 侽俉俀 俀係俆 侽俆俉俆

E_mail: heiwa@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

URL: http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/heiwa/

 


栚師

 

偼偠傔偵丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒iii

尋媶奣梫丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒v

棯岅丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒vii

戞侾復丂楎壔僂儔儞偺惈幙丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒1

1-1丂楎壔僂儔儞偲偼壗偐

1-2丂楎壔僂儔儞偺棙梡

1-3丂楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺庬椶

戞俀復丂楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒16

2-1丂幚尡奐敪抜奒

2-2丂榩娸愴憟

2-3丂儃僗僯傾暣憟

2-4丂僐僜儃暣憟

2-5丂偦偺懠偺暣憟

2-6丂楎壔僂儔儞偑曻弌偝傟偨帠屘

戞俁復丂楎壔僂儔儞偺尋媶丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒32

3-1丂榩娸愴憟埲慜

3-2丂榩娸愴憟屻

3-4丂僶儖僇儞暣憟屻

3-5丂崙嵺揑尋媶偺崅傑傝

3-6丂崙楢偺懳墳

3-7丂崙嵺夛媍

戞係復丂楎壔僂儔儞偑恖懱偵梌偊傞塭嬁丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒56

4-1丂僂儔儞偺撆惈

4-2丂楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偺宱楬

4-3丂僀儔僋偱巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁

4-4丂僶儖僇儞敿搰偱巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁

4-5丂梊杊慬抲

戞俆復丂楎壔僂儔儞偑崙嵺朄忋帩偮堄枴丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒88

5-1丂楎壔僂儔儞暫婍崌朄榑

5-2丂楎壔僂儔儞暫婍堘朄榑

5-3丂怴偨側嬛巭忦栺

戞俇復丂偍傢傝偵丗楎壔僂儔儞偑惌帯揑偵帩偮堄枴丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒112

嶲徠暥專丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒丒117


偼偠傔偵

 

杮曬崘彂偼丄峀搰戝妛暯惉13擭搙慜婜尋媶巟墖嬥乽抧媴娐嫬丒怘椏栤戣僾儘僕僃僋僩乿彆惉嬥偵傛偭偰峴傢傟偨尋媶偺惉壥傪岞昞偡傞傕偺偱偁傞丅旐敋抧偵埵抲偡傞峀搰戝妛偼丄尨敋旐奞丒妀暫婍丒曻幩擻墭愼偺傒側傜偢丄晲椡暣憟偵娭偡傞彅栤戣偵懳偟偰壥偨偡傋偒妛弍揑愑柋傪帩偭偰偄傞丅偨偲偊偽峀搰戝妛偵偼丄尨敋曻幩擻堛妛尋媶強側偳傪嫆揰偲偟偨曻幩擻堛妛偺暘栰偱偺桪傟偨尋媶偺拁愊偑偁傞丅暯榓壢妛尋媶僙儞僞乕偼丄庡偵幮夛壢妛揑娤揰偐傜丄悽奅偺暣憟栤戣偺暥柆偵偍偄偰丄尨敋旐奞丒妀暫婍丒曻幩擻墭愼偺栤戣偺尋媶傪恑傔偰偒偨丅杮曬崘彂偼丄峀搰戝妛偺巊柦傪帺妎偟丄尰戙偺晲椡暣憟偱怺崗偵側偭偰偄傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺栤戣偵徟揰傪偁偰偨尋媶偺惉壥偱偁傞丅傕偪傠傫杮曬崘彂偼丄廫擇暘偵峀搰戝妛偺巊柦傪壥偨偟丄夁嫀偺尋媶拁愊傪惗偐偟偨偲尵偄愗傟傞傎偳偺悈弨偵払偟偰偼偄側偄丅偟偐偟媮傔傜傟傞曽岦惈偵偦偭偰丄彨棃偺尋媶偺懌偑偐傝偲偟偰丄傢偢偐偽偐傝偺峷專傪壥偨偡偙偲傪栚巜偟偰偄傞丅

恖懱偺寬峃丒帺慠娐嫬偵恟戝側塭嬁傪梌偊傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺栤戣偼丄尰戙悽奅偵偍偗傞晲椡暣憟偲曻幩惈丒撆惈暔幙偺寢傃偮偒傪峫偊偨偲偒丄昁恵偺専摙帠崁偲側傞丅傕偪傠傫偙偺傛偆偵尵偆偙偲偼丄尨敋旐奞傗妀暫婍偺栤戣偺怺崗偝傪寉帇偡傋偒偙偲傪堄枴偟側偄丅傓偟傠夁嫀偺嫵孭傪惗偐偟丄妀暫婍偺嫼埿傪峀偄暥柆偱庴偗巭傔傞偨傔偵丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺尋媶偼廳梫偵側傞偼偢偱偁傞丅

楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵娭偟偰偼丄婔偮偐偺抧堟暣憟偱幚嵺偵巊梡偝傟丄傑偨崱屻傕巊梡偺奼戝偑梊應偝傟偰偄傞偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄埶慠偲偟偰偦偺嫼埿偺惈幙帺懱偵偮偄偰偺媍榑偑懕偄偰偄傞丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑梡偄傜傟偨抧堟丄摿偵僀儔僋偵偍偄偰丄僈儞偺敪惗棪傗婏宍帣偺弌惗棪偑崅傑偭偰偄傞丅傑偨乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿偲屇偽傟傞婣娨暫偁傞偄偼斵傜偺巕嫙偺娫偱偺昦婥偑丄暷崙傗塸崙偱栤戣偵側偭偰偄傞丅NATO乮杒戝惣梞忦栺婡峔乯偺暯榓堐帩晹戉偲偟偰儃僗僯傾丒僿儖僣僃僑價僫傗僐僜儃側偳偱嬑柋偟偨恖乆偺娫偱傕乽僶儖僇儞徢岓孮乿偲屇偽傟傞徢忬偑尒傜傟傞傛偆偵側傝丄儓乕儘僢僷彅崙偱傕幮夛揑栤戣偲側偭偨丅杮曬崘彂偼丄偙傟傑偱偺條乆側暘栰偵偍偗傞尋媶偺惉壥傪惗偐偟丄傑偨崙嵺惌帯偺忬嫷傪攃埇偟側偑傜丄偙偆偟偨尰幚偵婲偙偭偰偄傞栤戣偲岦偒崌偆偙偲傪帋傒傞丅

杮曬崘偼丄尰戙恑峴拞偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪傔偖傞媍榑傪廔懅偝偣傞偩偗偺寛掕揑側帒椏傪帩偭偰偄傞傢偗偱偼側偄丅偨偩棎棫忬懺偵偁傝丄偟偽偟偽柕弬偟偨寢榑偝偊摫偒弌偝傟偰偄傞愭峴尋媶傪斾妑専摙偡傞偙偲偼帋傒傞丅偦偟偰偦偺忋偱丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑帩偮惌帯揑丒朄揑栤戣傪峫嶡偡傞丅偦偺栚揑偼丄傑偢傕偭偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑婲偙偟偰偄傞栤戣偺惈幙傪擣幆偡傞偙偲偵偁傞丅杮曬崘彂偼丄寛偟偰壢妛幰傗朄妛幰偵岦偗偰彂偐傟偨傕偺偱偼側偄丅杮曬崘彂偺栚揑偼丄悽奅偺晲椡暣憟偵娭怱傪帩偮恖乆偑丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺栤戣偵偮偄偰峫偊傞嵺偺庤偑偐傝傪採嫙偡傞偙偲偱偁傞丅

傑偢戞1復偱偼丄偦傕偦傕楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偲偼壗側偺偐傪愢柧偡傞丅戞2復偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑幚嵺偺暣憟偱偳偺傛偆偵梡偄傜傟偰偒偨偺偐傪徯夘偡傞丅戞3復偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵娭偡傞偙傟傑偱偺尋媶偺摦偒傪傑偲傔偰傒傞丅戞4復偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑恖懱偵偳偺傛偆側塭嬁傪梌偊傞偺偐偵偮偄偰専摙偡傞丅戞5復偼丄崙嵺朄偲偺娭學偵偍偄偰丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑帩偮栤戣傪巜揈偡傞丅戞6復偼丄寢榑偵戙傢傞傕偺偲偟偰丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑帩偮惌帯揑堄枴偵偮偄偰峫嶡偟丄崙嵺幮夛偑偲傞傋偒懺搙偵偮偄偰榑偠傞丅

側偍杮曬崘彂偼峀搰戝妛暯榓壢妛尋媶僙儞僞乕偺僂僃僽僒僀僩忋偱岞奐偡傞梊掕偱偁傞丅栤戣偺惈幙忋丄怴偨側桳塿忣曬偑柧傜偐偵側傞偙偲傕梊應偝傟傞偑丄夵掶斉偑嶌惉偝傟偨応崌偼丄悘帪僂僃僽僒僀僩忋偱峏怴偝傟傞偙偲偵側傞偩傠偆[http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/heiwa/jrrj.html]丅

杮曬崘嶌惉偵偁偨偭偰偼懡偔偺曽乆偺彆偗傪偄偨偩偄偨丅摿偵峀搰戝妛暯榓壢妛尋媶僙儞僞乕偺徏旜夒巏嫵庼丄偍傛傃嵮栰宐帠柋堳丄摨戝妛尨敋曻幩慄堛壢妛晬懏崙嵺曻幩慄忣曬僙儞僞乕偺惎惓帯嫵庼偵偼丄懁柺偐傜巟偊偰偄偨偩偄偨丅傑偨拞崙怴暦幮偺揷忛柧婰幰傗丄IDUST偺Damacio Lopez巵丄International Action Center偺曽乆偵偼丄婱廳側彆尵傪偄偨偩偄偨丅嵢抭峕偺彆偗傕摼偨丅偙偺応傪庁傝偰幱堄傪怽偟忋偘偨偄丅偟偐偟杮曬崘彂偼昅幰偵傛偭偰嶌惉偝傟偨傕偺偱偁傝丄偙偺曬崘彂偺婰弎偐傜敪偡傞慡偰偺愑擟偑昅幰偺傒偵懏偡傞偙偲偼丄偁傜偐偠傔柧婰偟偰偍偒偨偄丅

 

尋媶奣梫

楎壔僂儔儞偼丄妀暫婍惢憿傗尨巕椡敪揹偺偨傔偵揤慠僂儔儞傪乽擹弅乿偡傞夁掱偱惗傑傟傞掅儗儀儖曻幩惈攑婞暔偱偁傞丅揤慠僂儔儞偵斾傋偰妀暘楐暔幙偱偁傞僂儔儞235偺斾棪偑掅偔丄妀暘楐傪婲偙偝側偄僂儔儞238偺斾棪偑崅偄丅偟偐偟埶慠偲偟偰揤慠僂儔儞偺60%偺曻幩惈傪帩偪丄偟偐傕壔妛揑撆惈傪帩偭偰偄傞丅

暷崙偼戝検偺楎壔僂儔儞傪攑婞暔偲偟偰強桳偟偰偄傞偨傔丄孯帠暫婍偵棙梡偡傞曽朄傪柾嶕偟偰偒偨丅僂儔儞偼枾搙偑崅偔丄廳検偑嬌傔偰廳偄偨傔丄朇抏偺娧捠懱偲丄愴幵偺憰峛偲偟偰丄孯帠揑偵奐敪偝傟偰偒偨丅

榩娸愴憟偱偼楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑戝検偵巊梡偝傟丄栺300僩儞偺楎壔僂儔儞偑曻弌偝傟偨丅儃僗僯傾暣憟傗僐僜儃暣憟側偳偱傕丄暷崙偼楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪巊梡偟偨丅偦偺寢壥偲偟偰楎壔僂儔儞偑丄暷崙傗塸崙偺婣娨暫偺娫偺乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿偩偗偱偼側偔丄僀儔僋傗儐乕僑僗儔價傾偺廧柉偺寬峃忈奞偺尨場偲偟偰丄峫偊傜傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅

榩娸愴憟埲屻偵暷崙偺惌晎宯尋媶強偑弌偟偨婔偮傕偺曬崘彂偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偑榩娸愴憟徢岓孮偺尨場偱偁傞偙偲傪斲掕偟偨丅偟偐偟偦傟傜偵懳偟偰偼懡偔偺壢妛幰傗柉娫尋媶幰偑丄尋媶偺栤戣揰傪巜揈偟丄楎壔僂儔儞偺婋尟惈偵寈忇傪柭傜偟懕偗偰偄傞丅

愴応偱巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偼丄栚昗暔偵拝抏偟偰丄僄傾儘僝儖壔偟偰嬻婥拞偵晜梀偡傞丅嵟傕寈夲偝傟傞偺偼丄嬻婥拞偺楎壔僂儔儞僄傾儘僝儖傪恖娫偑媧擖偟偰偟傑偆偙偲偱偁傞丅懱撪偵楎壔僂儔儞偑庢傝崬傑傟偨応崌丄壜梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔偺宍懺偱偁傟偽丄懡偔偑懱撪偐傜偡偖偵攔煏偝傟傞偲偼偄偊丄寣塼傪捠偭偰恡憻偵摓払偟丄偦偙偱怺崗側懝彎傪梌偊傞丅傑偨晄梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔偺宍懺偱偁傟偽丄挿婜娫偵傢偨偭偰懱撪偵巆懚偡傞偺偱丄撪揑側曻幩惈撆惈偺婋尟偑崅傑傞偙偲偵側傞丅婔偮偐偺妛弍揑帒椏偼丄僀儔僋傗儐乕僑僗儔價傾偵偍偄偰丄僈儞偺敪惗棪偑悢攞偵崅傑偭偨偙偲傪帵偟偰偄傞丅

壢妛揑偵妋掕揑側宍偱偦偺塭嬁傪尒嬌傔傞偙偲偑娙扨偱偼側偄偲偟偰傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偵撆惈偑偁傞偙偲偵偼媈偄偑側偄埲忋丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偵偼丄崙嵺恖摴朄偺婯懃偑偐偐傢偭偰偔傞丅姷廗朄偲側偭偰偄傞愴憟偺朄婯姷椺偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡傪婯惂偡傞廳梫婯懃偲偟偰丄嶲徠偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偩傠偆丅

楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼丄帺崙偺暫堳偺懝奞傪嵟戝尷偵彮側偔偟偰孯帠揑彑棙傪摼傞偲偄偆暷崙偺惌嶔栚昗偵偲偭偰偼丄嬌傔偰桳塿側暫婍偱偁傞丅偟偐偟孯帠揑棙塿偺梫惪偵傛偭偰丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺婯惂偑柶彍偝傟傞偲峫偊傞側傜偽丄偦傟偼崙嵺恖摴朄偺昗炘偡傞壙抣婯斖偑廳戝側婋婡偵偝傜偝傟傞偙偲傪堄枴偡傞偩傠偆丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍嬛巭忦栺偺惉棫偼尰嵼偺偲偙傠尰幚揑側傕偺偱偼側偄偑丄偟偐偟偩偐傜偙偦崙嵺幮夛偑怣曭偡傞堦斒揑側恖摴揑壙抣婯斖偺娤揰偐傜丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺栤戣傪峫偊偰偄偔偙偲偑昁梫偩偲巚傢傟傞丅


棯岅

 

ACHPPM(Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine)丗乮暷崙乯棨孯寬峃懀恑梊杊堛妛僙儞僞乕

AEPI(Army Environmental Policy Institute)丗乮暷崙乯棨孯娐嫬惌嶔尋媶強

AFRRI(Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute)丗乮暷崙乯孯曻幩慄惗暔妛挷嵏尋媶強

DU(depleted uranium)丗楎壔僂儔儞

GAO(General Accounting Office)丗乮暷崙乯夛寁専嵏堾

IARC(INternatoinal Agency for Research on Cancer)丗崙嵺僈儞尋媶婡娭

IAEA(International Atomic Energy Agency)丗崙嵺尨巕椡婡娭

ICC(International Criminal Court)丗崙嵺孻帠嵸敾強

ICJ(International Court of Justice)丗崙嵺巌朄嵸敾強

ICTY(International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia)丗媽儐乕僑僗儔價傾崙嵺孻帠朄掛

ICTR(International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda)丗儖儚儞僟崙嵺孻帠朄掛

IDUST(International Depleted Uranium Study Team)丗崙嵺楎壔僂儔儞尋媶僠乕儉

IMO(Institute of Medicine)丗乮暷崙乯堛妛嫤夛

NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)丗杒戝惣梞忦栺婡峔

OSAGWI(Office of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness and Military Deployments, Department of Defense)丗乮暷崙乯崙杊徣丒榩娸愴憟昦丒堛椕弨旛丒孯帠攝抲丒崙杊挿姱摿暿曗嵅姱帠柋強

UNEP(United Nations Environmental Programmes)丗崙楢娐嫬寁夋

WHO(World Health Organization)丗悽奅曐寬婡峔

 

 


1復丂楎壔僂儔儞偺惈幙

 

杮曬崘彂偵偍偄偰丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偲偼丄楎壔僂儔儞傪孯帠揑栚揑偱棙梡偟偰偄傞暫婍傪巜偡丅楎壔僂儔儞(depleted uranium: DU)偲偼丄妀暫婍傗尨巕椡敪揹偵偼晄梫偲側偭偨僂儔儞偺偙偲偱偁傞偑丄偦偺傛偆側攑婞暔偲側偭偨僂儔儞傪怴偨側曽朄偱孯帠棙梡偟偨偺偑丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偱偁傞丅杮復偱偼暫婍偵楎壔僂儔儞偑偳偺傛偆偵梡偄傜傟傞偺偐偵偮偄偰愢柧偡傞慜偵丄傑偢楎壔僂儔儞帺懱偑壗側偺偐偵偮偄偰尒偰偄偔偙偲偵偡傞丅

 

侾亅侾丂楎壔僂儔儞偲偼壗偐

 

僂儔儞偼丄帺慠奅偵懚嵼偡傞暔幙偺拞偱嵟傕廳偔丄曻幩擻撆惈偲廳嬥懏撆惈傪帩偮暔幙偱偁傞丅偟偐傕妀暘楐傪婲偙偡偙偲偐傜丄妀敋抏傗尨巕楩偺惢憿偵棙梡偝傟傞丅偨偩偟揤慠僂儔儞偺廳検偺99.27%傪峔惉偡傞偺偼丄妀暘楐偑婲偙傝偵偔偄僂儔儞238U-238)偲偄偆摨埵懱偱偁傞丅妀暘楐傪婲偙偡僂儔儞235U-235)偼丄揤慠僂儔儞偺0.72%偟偐側偔丄偝傜偵僂儔儞234U-234乯偑0.0054%傪峔惉偟偰偄傞丅偦偙偱僂儔儞傪妀暫婍傗尨巕椡敪揹偵棙梡偡傞嵺偵偼丄僂儔儞235U-235)偺妱崌傪3%掱搙偵傑偱堷偒忋偘傞乽擹弅乿偲屇偽傟傞嶌嬈偑峴傢傟傞丅乽擹弅夁掱(enrichment process)乿偵偍偄偰攑婞暔偲偝傟傞偺偑丄乽楎壔乿僂儔儞乮偁傞偄偼乽尭懝乿僂儔儞乯偲屇偽傟傞傕偺偱偁傞丅楎壔僂儔儞偵偍偄偰偼丄僂儔儞238偺妱崌偼99.8%掱搙偵傑偱崅傔傜傟傞(WHO, p. 6; DOE, 乬What is Uranium?乭)

暷崙妀婯惂埾堳夛(The Nuclear Regulatory Commission: NRC)偺掕媊偵傛傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞偲偼丄僂儔儞235偺妱崌偑0.72%埲壓偺僂儔儞傪巜偡丅偨偩偟幚嵺偵暷崙偺崙杊憤徣偵傛偭偰梡偄傜傟偰偄傞楎壔僂儔儞偵偍偗傞僂儔儞235偺妱崌偼丄0.2%掱搙偱偁傞丅偮傑傝楎壔僂儔儞偵娷傑傟偰偄傞僂儔儞235偼丄揤慠僂儔儞偵偍偗傞僂儔儞23528%掱搙偱偁傞(Zajic, 1.6)[1]

楎壔僂儔儞偵偍偄偰妱崌傪崅傔傜傟偨僂儔儞238偼丄妀暘楐暔幙偲偟偰偼晄梫偱偁傞丅偨偩偟曻幩惈傪帩偮偙偲偵偼曄傢傝偼側偄丅摨偠廳偝偱偁傟偽丄僂儔儞238偺曻幩慄検偼僂儔儞235傗僂儔儞234偲斾傋傟偽偐側傝掅偄丅偟偐偟媡偵僂儔儞238偺敿尭婜乮曻幩惈暔幙偺傕偮曻幩擻偼丄帪娫偲偲傕偵彊乆偵庛偔側傞惈幙偑偁傝丄 尦偺嫮偝偺敿暘偵側傞傑偱偺帪娫傪敿尭婜偲偄偆乯偼45壄擭偲挊偟偔挿偄丅妀暘楐傪婲偙偡僂儔儞235偺敿尭婜偼7壄擭偱偁傞丅

楎壔僂儔儞傪偦傟傎偳婋尟側暔幙偩偲偼峫偊側偄恖乆偺尒夝偺崻嫆偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偺曻幩慄検偑丄摨偠廳検偺揤慠僂儔儞偺栺60亾偩偲偄偆揰偵偁傞(WHO, p. 7)[2]丅偙傟偼僂儔儞235偲偄偆傛傝傕丄庡偵僂儔儞234偺妱崌偑尭彮偟偨偙偲偵傛傞(Zajic, 1.7)丅偦偺偨傔楎壔僂儔儞偼丄懠偺傛傝崅偄儗儀儖偺曻幩惈攑婞暔偲斾傋偰丄斾妑揑娙堈側杽愝偵傛偭偰張暘偝傟偰偒偨(帒尮僄僱儖僊乕挕丄乽掅儗儀儖曻幩惈攑婞暔偺張暘曽朄乿)丅偨偩偟偦傟偱傕楎壔僂儔儞偼埶慠偲偟偰丄偨偲偊偽墧偑帩偮曻幩惈偺65,000攞偺曻幩惈傪帩偮(Zajic, 1.7)[3]

側偍偪側傒偵恖娫偑懱撪偵帩偮揤慠僂儔儞偺検偼丄暯嬒偟偰偍傛偦90儅僀僋儘僌儔儉(兪g)偱偁傝[4]丄惉恖偼擭娫偵揤慠僂儔儞栺460兪g傪愛庢偟丄0.59兪g傪媧擖偟偰偄傞(WHO, 3.5)

僂儔儞偵偼條乆側壔崌暔偑偁傞丅揤慠僂儔儞偼傎偲傫偳偺応崌丄巁壔僂儔儞(uranium oxide)偲偟偰懚嵼偟偰偄傞丅巁壔僂儔儞偼堦斒偵丄敧巁壔嶰僂儔儞(triuranium octaoxide: U3O8)偲丄擇巁壔僂儔儞(uranium dioxide: UO)偺擇偮偺宍懺傪偲傞偑丄偲傕偵壜梟惈偺側偄屌懱偱偁傝丄娐嫬偺曄壔偵懳偟偰斾妑揑埨掕偟偰偄傞偺偱丄挋憼丒張暘偵傕揔偟偰偄傞偲偝傟傞丅僂儔儞偲僼僢慺偺壔崌暔偱偁傞僼僢壔僂儔儞偵偼丄堦斒偵榋僼僢壔僂儔儞(uranium hexafluoride: UF6)偲丄巐僼僢壔僂儔儞(uranium tetrafluoride: UF4)偑偁傞丅楎壔僂儔儞傪戝検偵嶻弌偟偰偄傞暷崙傗擔杮側偳偱丄妀暫婍惢憿傗尨巕椡敪揹偵梡偄傜傟偰偄傞偺偼丄榋僼僢壔僂儔儞偱偁傞丅偦傟偼榋僼僢壔僂儔儞偑丄壏搙偲埑椡偵墳偠偰丄屌懱偵傕丄塼懱偵傕丄婥懱偵傕側傞摿惈傪帩偭偰偄傞偨傔偱偁傞丅榋僼僢壔僂儔儞偼丄巁慺丄拏慺丄扽慺丄擇巁壔暔丄偁傞偄偼姡憞偟偨嬻婥偵偼斀墳偟側偄偑丄悈偁傞偄偼悈忲婥乮嬻婥拞偺幖婥傪娷傓乯偵偼斀墳偡傞丅

擹弅僂儔儞偲楎壔僂儔儞偼榋僼僢壔僂儔儞偐傜嶌傝弌偝傟傞偺偱丄孯帠棙梡偝傟傞慜偺楎壔僂儔儞偼壔妛幃傪梡偄偰DUF6偲昞尰偝傟傞丅偨偩偟幚嵺偺楎壔僂儔儞偼丄弮悎偵揤慠僂儔儞偐傜嶌傜傟傞傢偗偱偼側偄丅悽奅曐寬婡峔乮World Health Organization: WHO乯偺曬崘彂偑尵媦偡傞偺偼丄摨偠擹弅岺応偱丄揤慠僂儔儞偲摨帪偵丄巊梡嵪傒僂儔儞妀擱椏偺嵞壛岺偑峴傢傟偰偄傞偲偄偆揰偱偁傞丅偙傟偵傛偭偰擹弅偝傟傞揤慠僂儔儞偑墭愼偝傟丄寢壥偲偟偰楎壔僂儔儞傕墭愼偝傟丄旝検偩偑崅偄曻幩惈傪帩偮偙偲偵側傞丅偙偺傛偆偵偟偰抏娵傗憰峛偵梡偄傜傟傞楎壔僂儔儞偵偼丄Pu-238Pu-239Pu-240Am-241Np-237Tc-99側偳偑娷傑傟傞(WHO, p. 6)丅偙傟傜偺偆偪僾儖僩僯僂儉239(Pu-239)偼丄僂儔儞235偲側傜傫偱丄妀暘楐傪婲偙偡偙偲偱抦傜傟傞摨埵懱偱偁傞丅偨偩偟偙傟傜偺晄弮暔偲偟偰偺摨埵懱偑楎壔僂儔儞偵娷傑傟傞妱崌偼1%埲壓偱偁傝丄WHO偵傛傟偽丄曻幩惈丒壢妛揑撆惈偺娤揰偐傜偡傟偽丄戝偒側堄枴傪帩偨側偄偲偄偆(WHO, p. 6)

暿偺尋媶偵傛傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞偼丄巊梡嵪傒妀擱椏偐傜僾儖僩僯僂儉傪拪弌偡傞嶌嬈偐傜嶌傝弌偝傟傞偙偲偑偁傞丅嬶懱揑偵偼丄僐儘儔僪廈儃儖僟乕偺儘僢僉乕僼儔僢僣妀暫婍岺応偱丄偦偺傛偆側嶌嬈偑峴傢傟偰偄傞丅偦偙偱偼揤慠僂儔儞偵懚嵼偡傞僂儔儞238235234偲偄偆嶰偮偺摨埵懱偵壛偊偰丄0.003亾偺妱崌偱僂儔儞236(U-236)偲偄偆恖岺偺摨埵懱偑楎壔僂儔儞偵壛偊傜傟傞丅2,400枩擭偲懠偺僂儔儞摨埵懱偲斾傋偰斾妑揑抁偄敿尭婜傪帩偮僂儔儞236偼丄傛傝敿尭婜偺挿偄僂儔儞238傗僂儔儞235傛傝傕嫮偄曻幩惈傪帩偮丅巊梡嵪傒妀擱椏偐傜嶌傝弌偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偼丄揤慠僂儔儞偐傜嶌傝弌偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偲斾傋傟偽丄憤妶摦検偱0.15亾丄傾儖僼傽慄検偵偟偰0.5亾崅偄惈幙傪帩偮(Zajic, 2.5)丅偨偩偟僂儔儞234偲斾傋傟偽1%偺妶摦検偟偐側偄丅1僌儔儉偁偨傝6,200僉儏儕乕(Ci/g)偺僂儔儞234偵懳偟偰 63.8Ci/g偟偐側偄偲偄偆棟桼偱[5]丄堦斒偵偼楎壔僂儔儞偵偍偗傞僂儔儞236偺懚嵼偼怺崗帇偝傟側偄(AEPI, 1995, 2.2.3)

偪側傒偵幚嵺偵儐乕僑僗儔價傾偺僐僜儃偱巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞墭愼偵娭偡傞2000擭偵峴傢傟偨崙楢娐嫬寁夋(UNEP)偺挷嵏偱偼丄僂儔儞236偲僾儖僩僯僂儉239乮媦傃僾儖僩僯僂儉240乯偑栚昗暔晅嬤偺抧昞偵曻抲偝傟偰偄偨娧捠懱偐傜専弌偝傟丄巊梡嵪傒妀擱椏偺夘嵼傪帵偡寢壥偑摼傜傟偨丅偙傟偵傛偭偰幚嵺偵暷孯偑梡偄偰偄傞楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偵丄壗傜偐偺宍偱巊梡嵪傒妀擱椏偑夘嵼偟偰惗傒弌偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偑娷傑傟偰偄傞偙偲偑徹柧偝傟偨丅専弌偝傟偨僾儖僩僯僂儉偵偼丄娧捠懱偺1僉儘僌儔儉偁偨傝0.8~12.87儀僋儗儖(Bq/kg/娧捠懱)偺曻幩擻偑偁偭偨[6]丅僂儔儞236偼丄廳検偵偟偰僂儔儞2380.003%丄妶摦検偵偟偰0.5%偱偁偭偨偲偄偆(UNEP, 2001, pp. 28-29)

側偍50擭偵傢偨偭偰僂儔儞擹弅傪峴偭偰偒偨暷崙偺応崌丄11壄億儞僪乮栺5壄僉儘乯偺楎壔僂儔儞攑婞暔傪曐桳偟偰偄傞偲尵傢傟傞(Fahey, 1999a, p. 26; Lopez, p. 6) 丅偟偨偑偭偰楎壔僂儔儞偺娗棟偲張暘偼丄暷崙惌晎偵偲偭偰戝偒側壽戣偲側偭偰偍傝丄扴摉偡傞僄僱儖僊乕徣偼楎壔僂儔儞偺堷偒庢傝愭傪扵偡嶌嬈偵実傢傞丅嵟嬤偵側偭偰暷崙偱偼挋憼偝傟偰偄傞楎壔僂儔儞偑娐嫬偵梌偊傞塭嬁偵懳偡傞寽擮偑崅傑傝丄媍夛偑乽崙壠娐嫬惌嶔朄乿偵傛偭偰僄僱儖僊乕徣偵戝婯柾側僂儔儞揮姺寁夋傪媮傔偨丅偨偩偟偦傟偼僄僱儖僊乕徣偑曐桳偡傞榋僼僢壔僂儔儞偺宍懺偱偺楎壔僂儔儞傪丄巁壔僂儔儞偩偗偱偼側偔丄僂儔儞嬥懏傊揮姺偡傞偙偲偺懀恑傪堄枴偟(Zajic, 2.3)丄楎壔僂儔儞偺孯帠棙梡偵帟巭傔傪偐偗傞傕偺偱偼側偄丅

妀暫婍惢憿崙偩偗偱偼側偔尨巕椡敪揹傪峴偭偰偄傞擔杮側偳偱傕丄偙傟傑偱偼崅儗儀儖曻幩惈攑婞暔偑庡偵拝栚偝傟偰偒偨偑丄摨條偺栤戣偼懚嵼偟偰偄傞丅偩偑夝寛偺栚搑偼棫偭偰偄側偄丅戝庤柉娫壔妛儊乕僇乕4幮偑丄1960擭戙屻敿偐傜張暘偺栚搑偑側偄傑傑偵楎壔僂儔儞傪挋憼偟懕偗偰偄傞偺偼丄張暘僐僗僩偑曐娗僐僗僩傪戝偒偔忋夞傞偐傜偱偁傞乮楎壔僂儔儞尋媶夛丄僼傽僋僩僔乕僩丄戞2崋乯丅

 

侾亅俀丂楎壔僂儔儞偺棙梡

 

尰嵼傑偱楎壔僂儔儞偼丄曻幩擻杊屼暔丄暯峵悗丄孯梡憰峛丒朇抏娧捠懱側偳偺條乆側宍偱棙梡偝傟偰偄傞丅攑婞暔偱偁傞楎壔僂儔儞偼丄帠幚忋柍彏偱擖庤偱偒傞偙偲偑偱偒丄宱嵪揑帇揰偐傜枺椡揑偱偁傞丅傑偨擹搙偺崅偝傗廳検偵娭偟偰丄楎壔僂儔儞偑懠偺暔幙偵偼側偄摿惈傪帩偭偰偄傞偙偲傕廳梫偱偁傞丅曻幩擻杊屼暔偲偟偰偼丄堛椕丒尋媶丒桝憲婡娭偵傛偭偰梡偄傜傟偰偄傞丅傑偨暯峵悗偲偟偰偼丄峲嬻惂屼偺偨傔偵彫偝偄嬻娫偱戝偒側廳検偺廳偟傪昁梫偲偡傞峲嬻婡偱棙梡偝傟偰偄傞丅偨偲偊偽McDonnell-Douglas DC-10Lcokheed L-1011Boeing B-747側偳偑丄楎壔僂儔儞傪搵嵹偟偰偄傞(WHO, p. 26)丅偨偩偟嵟嬤偱偼僞儞僌僗僥儞側偳偵愗傝懼偊傞摦偒偑弌偰偄傞丅

嵟傕戝婯柾偵楎壔僂儔儞偑棙梡偝傟偰偄傞偺偑丄孯帠暫婍偺暘栰偱偁傞丅庡偵娧捠擻椡傪崅傔傞偨傔偵朇抏偵搵嵹偝傟傞娧捠懱偲偟偰丄偦偟偰杊屼椡傪崅傔傞偨傔偺愴幵偺憰峛偲偟偰丄巊傢傟偰偄傞丅楎壔僂儔儞偑朇抏偵娧捠懱偲偟偰憰拝偝傟傞偺偼丄偦偺廳検丒擹搙偐傜朇抏偺栚昗暔偵懳偡傞娧捠擻椡傪挊偟偔崅傔傞偐傜偱偁傞丅拝抏偺嵺偺崅壏偲埑椡偵傛偭偰楎壔僂儔儞偑曄宍偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄偝傜偵娧捠擻椡偑崅傑傞偲偄偆摿惈傕偁傞丅傑偨楎壔僂儔儞偼擱從惈傕崅偔丄拝抏屻偺揋偺懝彎傪崅傔傞丅憰峛偲偟偰棙梡偝傟傞応崌丄楎壔僂儔儞偼峾揝偺憰峛偺娫偱丄捠忢偼奜晹偵傕撪晹偵傕業弌偟側偄傛偆偵巊傢傟傞丅楎壔僂儔儞偺帩偮懠偵偼側偄峝搙偼丄愴摤偵偍偗傞愴幵偺揋偺朇寕偵懳偡傞懴媣椡傪旘桇揑偵崅傔傞丅楎壔僂儔儞偼偝傜偵丄弰峲儈僒僀儖偺娧捠懱偍傛傃暯峵悕偲偟偰丄梡偄傜傟偰偄傞偲傕尵傢傟傞(WHO, p. 27)

楎壔僂儔儞偑娧捠懱傗憰峛偲偟偰孯帠棙梡偝傟傞応崌丄崙杊憤徣偲宊栺偟偨孯廀婇嬈偑丄僄僱儖僊乕徣偐傜僂儔儞擹弅夁掱偱嶌傝弌偝傟偨楎壔榋僼僢壔僂儔儞傪丄傑偢乽僌儕乕儞丒僜儖僩乿偲屇偽傟傞巐僼僢壔僂儔儞偵揮姺偡傞丅偙偺乽僌儕乕儞丒僜儖僩乿偼丄偝傜偵暫婍惢憿偵揔偟偨僂儔儞嬥懏(uranium metal)偵揮姺偝傟傞(AEPI, 1995, 2.2.3)丅側偍僂儔儞嬥懏傊偺揮姺夁掱偱丄擇僼僢壔儅僌僱僔僂儉(magnesium fluoride: MgF2)偺忲婥偑嶻弌偝傟傞偑丄偙傟偼楎壔僂儔儞偵墭愼偝傟傞偺偱丄曻幩惈攑婞暔偲偟偰埖傢傟傞(AEPI, 1995, 3.5.3)

僂儔儞嬥懏偼丄嵟傕擹搙偺崅偄暔幙偺堦偮偲偟偰抦傜傟傞丅昞柺偑巁壔丒曄怓偡傞偺偱丄偦偺埨掕搙偼敧巁壔嶰僂儔儞傎偳偱偼側偄丅崅壏偱偁傟偽摿偵丄悈偵庛偔丄嬻婥拞偱偺敪壩惈傕帩偮(DOE, 乬Chemical Forms of Uranium乭)丅僂儔儞偺壜梟惈偲壜摦惈偵塭嬁傪梌偊傞偺偼丄巁壔偺忬懺偱偁傞丅巁壔忬懺偵偍偄偰丄傎偲傫偳偺僂儔儞偼丄壜梟惈偺偁傞僂儔僯僂儉丒僀僆儞(uranyl ions: UO22)U(VI)乮巁壔忬懺亄6乯偺宍懺偱丄娐嫬傗惗柦懱傪墶抐偟偰摦偒夞傞丅晛捠偺搚忞偼戝婥偵傆傟偰偄傞傢偗側偺偱丄僂儔儞偼嵟廔揑偵偼壜梟惈偲側傝丄悈惈堏摦傪婲偙偡偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅偨偩偟娨尦偝傟偨忬懺偱偼丄傎偲傫偳偺僂儔儞偑嬅屌偟丄晄梟惈偲側傞(mineral uraninate: UO2 or mineral coffinite: USiO4)U(IV)乮巁壔忬懺亄4乯丅偙傟偼嬶懱揑偵偼丄怺偄抧壓悈丄徖抧丄幖抧丄墭愼偝傟偨壨愳側偳偺忬懺傪巜偡丅堦斒揑偵尵偊偽丄僂儔儞偼丄U(IV)偐傜U(VI)偵揮姺偟丄壜梟惈偲側傞(AEPI, 1995, 7.1.2)

暫婍梡偺楎壔僂儔儞偼丄僂儔儞嬥懏偐傜偝傜偵扽慺傪嶍尭偟丄廳検偵偟偰0.75%偺僠僞儞傪崿崌偟偨峝壔偵傛偭偰嶌傜傟傞丅愴幵梡偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偼丄敪幩屻100儊乕僩儖埲撪偺抧揰偱傾儖儈僯僂儉偺憰拝暔傪庢傝奜偟丄昩懍1.5僉儘儊乕僩儖偺懍搙偱恑傓丅栚昗暔偵拝抏偡傞偲丄楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偼敪壩偡傞偑丄僂儔儞偺梈夝揰偼1132亷偲斾妑揑掅偄偺偱丄梟夝偟巒傔傞丅抏娵偼偦傟偵傛偭偰塻棙壔偟丄娧捠擻椡傪崅傔傞(Zajic, 3.4)

楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偺庡梫側惗嶻乮桝弌乯崙偼丄暷崙偱偁傞丅偨偩偟懠偺崙乆傕楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪奐敪丒擖庤偟偰偄傞丅偡偱偵1994擭偵暷崙棨孯娐嫬惌嶔尋媶強(AEPI)偺曬崘彂偑丄塸崙丄僼儔儞僗丄儘僔傾丄僩儖僐丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾丄僷僉僗僞儞丄僞僀丄僀僗儔僄儖偑丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪偡偱偵強桳偟偰偄傞偐丄奐敪拞偱偁傞偙偲傪妋擣偟偰偄傞(AEPI, 1994, 2.1)丅偝傜偵懡偔偺尋媶幰偑柤慜傪偁偘傞偺偑丄僊儕僔傾丄僶乕儗乕儞丄僄僕僾僩丄僋僂僃乕僩丄娯崙丄戜榩偱偁傝丄偝傜偵僗僂僃乕僨儞丄儓儖僟儞丄偦偟偰擔杮傕尵媦偝傟傞偙偲偑偁傞(Fahey, 1999a, p. 39; Zajic, 3.6; CADU, website, 乬What is Depleted Uranium?乭)

塸崙偲僪僀僣偼丄1970擭戙枛偐傜偡偱偵楎壔僂儔儞傪挋憼偟偰偄偨偲偝傟傞丅1979擭偵偡偱偵暷崙偼丄375,000偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏傪僒僂僕傾儔價傾偵桝弌偟偰偄偨丅1980擭偵僼儔儞僗偼丄126僩儞偺楎壔僂儔儞傪暷崙僄僱儖僊乕徣偐傜桝擖偟丄僂儔儞嬥懏偵戙偊偰偄偨丅僋僂僃乕僩偑楎壔僂儔儞朇抏傪憰旛偟偨M1A1愴幵傪峸擖偟偨偺偼丄榩娸愴憟屻偺1992擭偱偁傞(Bukowski, et al, p. 21)

偨偩偟傕偪傠傫庡側惗嶻丒巊梡崙偼丄埶慠偲偟偰朿戝側検偺僂儔儞攑婞暔偺張棟偵嬯椂偟偰偄傞暷崙偱偁傞丅擔杮側偳偑帺崙偱偼楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪奐敪偟偰偄側偄偲巚傢傟傞偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪強桳偡傞崙偵偁偘傜傟傞偺偼丄暷崙偐傜楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪峸擖偟偰偄傞偲媈傢傟偰偄傞偐傜偱偁傞丅

 

侾亅俁丂楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺庬椶

 

楎壔僂儔儞偑嵟傕懡偔孯帠揑偵棙梡偝傟傞偺偼丄朇抏偺娧捠懱偲偟偰偱偁傞丅偨偲偊偽嬻孯A-10峌寕婡偑巊梡偡傞30儈儕朇偵偼丄PGU-14憰峛娧捠朇抏偑巊傢傟傞偑丄偦偺愭抂晹暘偵楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偑梡偄傜傟偰偄傞乮恾1嶲徠乯丅偙傟偵傛偭偰昗揑傪娧捠偡傞擻椡偲丄拝抏偺嵺偺擱從搙偑旘桇揑偵崅傑傞偲偄偆丅

 

1丂楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱(M774 105mm朇抏梡)(Zajic, 3.6)

乮挿偝345儈儕丄柤栚捈宎25.9儈儕丄127儈儕嫮壔峚晹暘捈宎29.4儈儕乯

 

嬻孯偲棨孯偱巊傢傟傞朇抏偺椺偼丄恾2偲恾3偺捠傝偱偁傞丅

 

2丂嬻孯峌寕婡A-10搵嵹30儈儕朇GAU-8偱巊傢傟傞楎壔僂儔儞巊梡PGU-14憰峛娧捠朇抏(API) (UNEP, 2001, p. 17)

 

3丂棨孯M1僔儕乕僘愴幵偺120儈儕朇偱巊梡偝傟傞楎壔僂儔儞朇抏M829A1 (Zajic, 3)

 

4丂敪幩屻偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏 (Zajic, 3)

 

娧捠懱偼丄19942寧偺抜奒偱丄暷崙孯廀嶻嬈偵傛偭偰160枩屄偑愴幵梡朇抏偺偨傔偵惗嶻偝傟丄5500枩屄偑嬻孯偺202530儈儕偺彫岥宎偺朇抏偺偨傔偵惗嶻偝傟偰偄偨偙偲偑妋擣偝傟偰偄傞(AEPI, 1995, 3.2)丅嬻孯偲棨孯偵傛偭偰梡偄傜傟傞朇抏偵偼丄昞1偺傛偆側庬椶偑偁傞丅

 

1丂暷孯偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞傪娷傓朇抏偺庬椶(Military Analysis Network; Jane乫s Information Group; Zajic, 3.6; Catalinotto and Flounders, pp. 210-211; AEPI, 1995, 3.5.3; Fahey, 1998, p. 13)

朇抏

偍偍傛偦偺楎壔僂儔儞廳検

旛峫

PGU-14/B 30mm API (Armor Piercing Incendiary)

298g

榩娸愴憟帪偵嬻孯偑巊梡偟偨30儈儕朇偺朇抏丅棨孯偑巊梡偡傞懠偺朇抏偲摨條偵丄憰峛娧捠梡崌嬥偱偁傞娧捠恈偼丄99.25%偺楎壔僂儔儞丄0.75%偺僠僞儞偐傜側傞9U-TI偐傜偱偒偰偄傞丅

PGU-20 25mm API

148g

MK-38廳検儅僔儞僈儞丄AV-8B Harrier II峲嬻婡偑巊梡偡傞25儈儕朇偺抏栻丅

M919 25mm APFSDS-T (Armor-Piercing, Fin Stabilized, Discarding Sabot with Tracer )

97g

楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偲嬥懏惈偺悇恑壩栻働乕僗傪帩偮暷崙棨孯25儈儕朇抏丅朇抏偼庡偵M2M3僽儔僢僪儕乕愴摤幵椉偱巊傢傟傞丅側偍偙偺朇抏偼丄Olin Ordnance偲偄偆夛幮偑撈愯惗嶻偟偰偄傞偑丄偦偺懠偺M774M833M900M829M829A1M829A2側偳偼丄Aerojet Ordnance Tennessee, Inc.Nuclear Met als, Inc.偑惗嶻偟偰偄傞丅

M735A1 105mm APFSDS-T

2.2kg

榩娸愴憟帪偵M68愴幵朇偺儔僀僼儖廵偲偟偰梡偄傜傟偨丅M774偺巊梡慜偵梡偄傞丅朇抏偺幩弌晹撪偺崌嬥娧捠懱埲奜偼丄M774偲幚幙揑偵摨堦偱偁傞丅

M774 105mm APFSDS-T

3.4kg

棨孯偺M60僔儕乕僘愴幵偺105儈儕朇抏丅偡偱偵媽幃偵側偭偰偄傞丅

M833 105mm APFSDS-T

3.7kg

楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偲嬥懏惈悇恑壩栻働乕僗傪帩偮暷崙棨孯M60僔儕乕僘愴幵105儈儕朇抏丅偡偱偵媽幃偵側偭偰偄傞丅

M900 105mm APFSDS-T

4.2kg

暷崙棨孯M60僔儕乕僘愴幵傗M1僄僀僽儔儉僘愴幵偺105儈儕朇偱巊傢傟傞丅

M827 120mm APFSDS-T

3.1kg

M1愴幵偺120儈儕朇抏偱梡偄傜傟傞丅敋敪偝偣傞朇抏偺慜偵丄揋愴幵傪娧捠幩寕偡傞嵺偵巊傢傟傞丅

M829 120mm APFSDS-T

4.9kg

楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偲壜擱惈偺悇恑壩栻働乕僗傪帩偮棨孯偺120儈儕朇抏丅媽幃偺偨傔M829A1偵庢偭偰戙傢傜傟丄尰嵼偼惢憿偝傟偰偄側偄丅

M829A1 120mm APFSDS-T

 

5.6kg

M829傪夵椙偟偨朇抏丅榩娸愴憟偱M1A1M1A2愴幵偱梡偄傜傟丄棨孯偺峌寕擻椡丒暫惗懚棪傪崅傔偨偲偟偰丄乽嬧偺抏娵(silver bullet)乿偲屇偽傟偰孯娭學幰偵徿巀偝傟偨丅

M829A2/A3 120mm APFSDS-T

5.6kg

M829A2M829A3偼丄M829A1傪偝傜偵夵椙偟偨嵟怴宆偺棨孯丒奀暫戉巊梡偺M829僔儕乕僘偺朇抏丅

20mm

0.07g

AH-1W 乬Whiskey Cobra乭 僿儕僐僾僞乕廵偱巊傢傟傞朇抏偵楎壔僂儔儞偑娷傑傟偰偄傞丅

MK-149-2

0.07g

奀孯偺僼傽儔儞僋僗嬤嫍棧寎寕僔僗僥儉朇(Phalanx Close-In Weapons System)偺朇抏偲偟偰巊傢傟傞丅

 

側偍暷崙埲奜偺崙乆偱梡偄傜傟偰偄傞楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偱敾柧偟偰偄傞偺偼丄昞2偺捠傝偱偁傞丅

 

2丂暷崙埲奜偱憰旛偝傟偰偄傞楎壔僂儔儞朇抏(Jane乫s Information Group)

崙柤

朇抏

巊梡暫婍僔僗僥儉

僀僊儕僗

L27A1 CHARM 3 120mm APFSDS

Challenger 2 tank

僼儔儞僗

OFL 105 F2 105mm APFSDS

AMX-30B2 tank

 

OFL 120 F2 120mm APFSDS

Leclerc tank

儘僔傾

3UBM-13 115mm APFSDS

T-62 tank

 

3BM32 125mm APFSDS

T-72 tank

 

3BK21M 125mm HEAT-FS

T-72 tank

 

師偵楎壔僂儔儞朇抏傪敪幩偡傞暫婍僔僗僥儉偵偮偄偰尒偰傒傛偆丅暷崙嬻孯偑巊梡偡傞A-10峌寕婡偼丄楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱傪帩偮30儈儕朇抏傪戝検偵搵嵹偡傞丅A-10峌寕婡偼丄1暘娫偵3,90030儈儕朇抏傪敪幩偡傞擻椡傪帩偪丄揟宆揑側敪幩條幃偲偟偰偼丄120偐傜195偺朇抏傪23昩偺娫偵敪幩偡傞丅敪幩偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偼丄500暯曽儊乕僩儖偺斖埻偵搉偭偰丄13儊乕僩儖偺娫妘偱捈慄傪昤偄偰抧忋偵拝抏偡傞丅廮傜偐偄抧昞偱偼丄2儊乕僩儖埲忋偺怺偝偵傑偱怘偄崬傫偱偄偔偲偄偆(UNEP, p. 16)

 

5丂暷嬻孯峌寕婡A-10 僒儞僟乕儃儖僩(US Air Force)

 

棨孯暫婍僔僗僥儉偺拞偱丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪搵嵹偡傞偺偼丄25儈儕朇傪旛偊傞僽儔僢僪儕乕愴摤幵椉丄105儈儕朇傪旛偊傞M1M60僔儕乕僘偺愴幵丄摿偵120儈儕朇傪庡椡朇偲偡傞M1A1偍傛傃M1A2僄僀僽儔儉僘愴幵偱偁傞丅偝傜偵棨孯偼丄105儈儕楎壔僂儔儞朇傪庡椡偲偡傞XM8憰峛朇僔僗僥儉傪帩偮丅傑偨M1僔儕乕僘偺愴幵偵偼丄楎壔僂儔儞巊梡偺憰峛偑梡偄傜傟偰偄傞(AEPI, 1995, 3.2)丅憰峛梡偺楎壔僂儔儞偼丄曻幩擻傪幷傞岤庤偺嬥懏惢偺暍偄偱偍偍傢傟偰偄傞偺偱丄寬峃忋偺旐奞傪傕偨傜偡偙偲偼側偄偲偄偆丅偨偩偟傕偪傠傫偦傟偼憰峛偑攋夡偝傟側偄尷傝偵偍偄偰偱偁傞丅楎壔僂儔儞憰峛偼丄捠忢偺朇抏偵懳偟偰崅偄杊屼擻椡傪帵偟偨丅偟偐偟乽桭孯幩寕(friendly fire)乿偲屇偽傟傞枴曽偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺岆幩偵偼丄杊屼擻椡傪帵偣側偐偭偨丅偮傑傝楎壔僂儔儞憰峛偼丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偵偼捠梡偟側偄丅

 

6丂榩娸愴憟偵偍偗傞暷棨孯愴幵M1A1僄僀僽儔儉僘 (Rostker, Figure 5)

fig05s.gif (16333 bytes)

 

傑偨峌寕婡傗愴幵偺朇抏偲偟偰巊傢傟傞偩偗偱偼側偔丄抧棆偵傕旝検偺楎壔僂儔儞偑巊傢傟偰偄傞丅0.101g偺楎壔僂儔儞傪梡偄偨廳検206g偺抧棆M86PDMPursuit Deterrent Munition丗捛寕朩奞敋栻乯偲ADAMArea Denial Artillery Munition丗抧堟梷惂朇梡敋栻乯偱偁傞丅ADAM偼丄155儈儕炛抏朇偺暃敋栻偲偟偰梡偄傜傟傞丅Alliant Tech Systems, Inc.偵傛偭偰惢憿偝傟傞(AEPI, 1995, 3.2, 3.5.3)

偝傜偵暷奀孯傕丄楎壔僂儔儞傪帩偭偨儈僒僀儖僔僗僥儉傪帩偭偰偄傞偲尵傢傟傞丅1980擭偵攝旛偝傟丄屻偵擔杮偺帺塹戉偵傕搉偝傟偨僼傽儔儞僋僗嬤嫍棧寎寕僔僗僥儉朇(Phalanx Close-In Weapons System)偼丄嬤嫍棧偺揋傪帺摦揑偵敪尒丄擣幆丄捛愓丄攋夡偡傞僔僗僥儉偱偁傞丅愙嬤偟偰偄傞揋傊偺娧捠擻椡傪崅傔傞偨傔偵丄楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偑巊傢傟偰偄偨(Bukowski, et al, p. 15)丅偨偩偟1988擭偐傜偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偐傜僞儞僌僗僥儞偵曄峏偝傟偰丄惢憿偝傟偰偄傞偲偄偆(United States Navy)丅偦偺懠丄弰峲儈僒僀儖僩儅儂乕僋傗丄僷乕僔儞僌儈僒僀儖偵傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偑梡偄傜傟偰偄傞偲尵傢傟傞丅

偦偺懠丄岞幃偵偼擣傔傜傟偰偄側偄偑丄柉娫尋媶幰偺娫偱楎壔僂儔儞偑巊傢傟偰偄傞偺偱偼側偄偐偲巜揈偝傟偰偄傞傕偺偺拞偵偼丄偄傢備傞僋儔僗僞乕乮廤懇乯敋抏偑偁傞(IDUST, sec. 2)丅僋儔僗僞乕敋抏偲偼丄堦敪偺朇抏偑栚昗暔嬤偔偱柍悢偺敋抏偵暘嶶偡傞宍懺偺敋抏傪巜偡丅暘嶶偟偨僋儔僗僞乕敋抏偺懡偔偼晄敪抏偲偟偰愴応偵巆偝傟傞偨傔丄暣憟屻偵柉娫恖側偳傊偺旐奞傪媦傏偡婋尟惈傪帩偮暫婍偲偟偰抦傜傟丄帠幚忋偺抧棆奼嶶暫婍偱偁傞偲斸敾偝傟傞偙偲傕偁傞丅

 

 


戞俀復丂楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡

 

杮復偱偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑暣憟偱梡偄傜傟偨帠椺偵偮偄偰妋擣偡傞丅幚嵺偵愴応偱偳偺傛偆偵梡偄傜傟偨偺偐傪攃埇偡傞偙偲側偔偟偰偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺塭嬁偵偮偄偰峫偊傞偙偲偼偱偒側偄偐傜偱偁傞丅側偍杮復偱偼丄暣憟埲奜偺峲嬻帠屘側偳偵偍偄偰楎壔僂儔儞偑曻弌偝傟偨帠椺傕偁傢偣偰尒偰偍偔偙偲偵偡傞丅

 

俀亅侾丂幚尡奐敪抜奒

 

暷崙偼偡偱偵1950擭戙偐傜楎壔僂儔儞偺孯帠棙梡偺壜擻惈偵拲栚偟偰偄偨丅悢廫擭偵傢偨傞奐敪丒孭楙偺婜娫偵丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偼暷崙撪偱壗搙偐巊梡偝傟偨丅楎壔僂儔儞偺尋媶丒幚尡丒挋憼応強偺儕僗僩偼丄挿戝側傕偺偵側傞[7]丅幚尡敪幩偵傛偭偰晅嬤偑楎壔僂儔儞偵傛偭偰墭愼偝傟偨偲偄傢傟傞応崌側偳偵峣偭偰堦棗昞偵偟偨偺偑丄昞3丒昞4丒昞5偱偁傞丅

 

3丂暷崙偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞幚尡応 (Zajic, Ch. 5; Bukowski, pp. 23-39, AEPI, 3.6)[8]

帪婜

応強

巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞

 

1969~73

Ethan Allen Firing Range, Vermont

20,000偺懳愴幵朇乮4,500kg偺楎壔僂儔儞乯偑敪幩偝傟丄偦偺屻僒僂僗J儘儔僀僫廈Barnwell偺掅儗儀儖曻幩惈攑婞暔堚婞応偵桝憲丅

 

1985~

Lake City Ammunition Plant, Blue Springs, Missouri

敪幩幚尡応偐傜楎壔僂儔儞偺暡恛側偳偑旘嶶丅楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱傪帩偮44,000偺媽幃20mm M10-1 偑攑婞栚揑偱敪幩偝傟丄3,500kg偺楎壔僂儔儞偑曻弌丅晹暘揑偵偺傒曻幩惈攑婞暔張棟応傊桝憲丅

 

1991擭傑偱偺悢廫擭娫

China Lake Naval Air Warfare Center (formerly China Lake Naval Weapons Center), California

楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺帋尡敪幩偵傛傝丄11,300kg偺楎壔僂儔儞偑曻弌丅1991擭偵Lockheed Environmental Services Corp.偑搚忞偐傜楎壔僂儔儞傪揈弌偡傞宊栺傪寢傇丅

 

1972~

New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMIMT)

Terminal Effects Research and Analysis (TERA)偑壆奜偱偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏敪幩幚尡傪宲懕丅

 

Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico

壆奜偱偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺屄暿憰抲偺幚尡偵傛偭偰丄10kg偺楎壔僂儔儞偑曻弌偟丄偦偺偆偪偺10%偑壨愳堟偵棳弌(41~52mg/kg)丅僂儔儞偺敿姡憞抧懷偵偍偗傞悈柺忋偺堏摦偑妋擣偝傟偨丅

 

US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Nevada

Los Alamos偱幚尡偝傟偨晹昳偵傛偭偰姰惉偟偨楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑幚尡敪幩丅

1976

White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico

楎壔僂儔儞80g傪搵嵹偟偨Pershing D-38 懳抧娧捠(earth penetrating)儈僒僀儖偺係敪埲忋偺敪幩幚尡偑峴傢傟丄抧拞60儊乕僩儖傑偱杽杤偟偨1敪偺儈僒僀儖偺楎壔僂儔儞偼夞廂晄擻偲側偭偨丅

1984~94

Jefferson Proving Ground, Indiana

90,832(or 69,000)kg偺楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偑幚尡敪幩丅1995擭偺幚尡応暵嵔屻丄40-50壄僪儖傎偳偺婯柾偱偺夞廂嶌嬈偑奐巒偝傟丄21,872kg偑夞廂偝傟偨丅

1950~

US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground (Maryland Soft Target Range), Maryland

1979擭傑偱壆奜偱幚尡偑峴傢傟偰偄偨丅92擭傑偱偺抜奒偱丄92,554(or 70,000)kg偺楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偑幚尡敪幩偝傟丄抧壓悈偑墭愼丅怘暔楢嵔傊偺塭嬁偑寽擮偝傟偰偄傞丅

 

US Army Yuma Proving Ground (Red Bluff Direct Fire Range), Arizona

120mm105mm楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺幚尡敪幩偵傛傝丄搚忞偑墭愼丅巊梡偝傟偨38,590kg偺楎壔僂儔儞偺偆偪丄18,852kg偑夞廂偝傟偨丅

1973~78

尰嵼

Eglin Air Force Base, Florida

(Gunnery Ballistic Facility)

(High Explosive Test Area)

10kg偺楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偑幚尡敪幩丅墭愼搚偼掕婜揑偵僒僂僗J儘儔僀僫廈Barnwell偺掅儗儀儖曻幩惈攑婞暔堚婞応偵桝憲偝傟偰偄傞偑丄90-95%偺僂儔儞偑巆棷丅擇偮偺幚尡応嬤偔偺悈棴傝偐傜敪尒偝傟偨僂儔儞偵傛傝(50mg/kg, 200 mg/kg)丄幖抧懷偱偺僂儔儞偺悈柺忋偱偺堏摦偑妋擣偝傟偨丅丂

1982~93

Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada

27,800kg偺楎壔僂儔儞偑丄嬻懳抧朇偺幚尡敪幩偱巊梡偝傟偨丅US Fish and Wildlife Service偺梫惪偱1993擭偐傜楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡偼拞抐丅幚尡偱昗揑偲偟偰巊梡偝傟偨愴幵側偳傕巆偭偰偄傞丅

 

4丂暷崙奜偱偺孯帠墘廗偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺巊梡 (Zajic, 5.12, Laka Foundation, 楎壔僂儔儞尋媶夛丄僼傽僋僩僔乕僩丄戞1)

帪婜

応強

巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞

 

僷僫儅

暷崙棨孯偵傛傞孭楙偱偺巊梡偑揱偊傜傟偰偄傞丅

199512-9611

壂撽乮捁搰乯

暷崙奀暫戉AV-8B偺峲嬻婡偑丄孭楙拞偵1,520敪偺PGU/20 25mm API楎壔僂儔儞朇抏(222kg)傪敪幩偟偨丅29kg偺楎壔僂儔儞偩偗偑夞廂偝傟偨丅乮側偍20005寧偵丄壂撽導惣尨挰偺柉娫暔帒抲偒応偐傜丄暷孯偺25mm楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺栻偒傚偆偑悢昐敪尒偝傟偨丅嬈幰偑揝偔偢偲偟偰峸擖偟偨傕偺偩偑丄幚嵺偵偳偙偱巊梡偝傟偨傕偺側偺偐偼晄柧偱偁傞丅

19995

Vieques Islands, Puerto Rico

暷崙奀暫戉AV-8B偺峲嬻婡偑丄267敪偺PGU/20 25mm API楎壔僂儔儞朇抏(40kg)傪堘朄偵敪幩偟偨丅578敪偺傒偑夞廂偝傟偨丅

 

5丂妋擣偝傟偰偄傞暷孯埲奜偵傛傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺孭楙巊梡(Laka Foundation)

巊梡幰

帪婜

応強

巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞

塸孯

1982~

Eskmeals and Kirkcudbright嬤偔偺孭楙巤愝Scottish Solway Firth

6,000敪偺120mm朇抏傪孭楙偱敪幩偟偨丅

戜榩奀孯

 

 

6枩敪偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏傪巊梡丅

僊儕僔傾

1990

 

3枩敪偺20mm朇抏傪墘廗偱敪幩偟偨丅

 

偙傟傜偺偆偪婔偮偐偺帠椺偵偍偄偰丄尷掕揑偱偼偁傞偑娕夁偱偒側偄娐嫬墭愼偑妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅

 

俀亅俀丂榩娸愴憟

 

弶傔偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑幚愴巊梡偝傟偨偺偼丄1991擭偺榩娸愴憟偵偍偄偰偱偁偭偨丅偦偟偰嵟戝婯柾偺楎壔僂儔儞偑巊梡偝傟偨偺傕丄榩娸愴憟偱偁偭偨丅乽嵒敊偺棐乿嶌愴偺娫偵丄暷塸孯偑丄僀儔僋偍傛傃僋僂僃乕僩偵搳壓偟偨僂儔儞偺憤検偼丄彮側偔偲傕300僩儞埲忋偲悇寁偝傟偰偄傞丅

 

7丂榩娸愴憟偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡抧堟乮 丂丂嬻孯峌寕婡偐傜楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑敪幩偝傟偨抧堟丄仚愴幵偐傜楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑敪幩偝傟偨抧堟乯(Zajic, 9.5

 

暷崙奀孯傕弰峲儈僒僀儖僩儅儂乕僋傪奀忋偐傜敪幩偟偨偑丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪庡偵巊梡偟偨偺偼嬻孯偲棨孯偱偁偭偨丅1,900戜埲忋偺M1A1僄僀僽儔僴儉愴幵偑搳擖偝傟丄悢昐戜偺M1愴幵偲M60愴幵偑巊傢傟偨丅棨孯偼愴憟慜偺孭楙偱7,000敪傪僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺嵒敊抧懷偱敪幩偟丄幚愴偱傕4,000敪傪敪幩偟丄偝傜偵3,000敪傪壩嵭傗帠屘偱徚幐偟偨丅偟偨偑偭偰憤寁偱14,000敪偺楎壔僂儔儞愴幵朇抏偑巊傢傟偨偙偲偵側傞(AEPI, 1994, 3.3.10)丅側偍塸崙僠儍儗儞僕儍乕愴幵偼丄幚愴偱彮側偔偲傕100敪偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏傪敪幩偟偨偲偄偆(Fahey, 1999a, p. 27)

幚愴偱巊傢傟偨楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺傎偲傫偳偼丄夞廂偝傟側偐偭偨丅柦拞偟偨朇抏偺傎偲傫偳偑丄栚昗暔偱偁傞僀儔僋孯愴幵偺拞傗廃曈偵巆傝丄偦偺懠偺柦拞偟側偐偭偨朇抏偼丄栚昗暔偐傜悢僉儘偺斖埻偱抧昞偵巆懚偡傞偐丄抧拞偵杽傕傟偨偲悇應偝傟偰偄傞(AEPI, 1995, 4.1)丅側偍僀儔僋偺T-62愴幵偵婡廵憒幩傪峴偆偙偲傪憐掕偟偨A-10峌寕婡偺榩娸愴憟慜偵峴傢傟偨僥僗僩偱偼丄朇抏偺10%偑栚昗暔偵摉偨傝丄90%偑奜傟傞偙偲偑帵偝傟偨偲偄偆丅偮傑傝偙偺僔僫儕僆偱偁傟偽丄敪幩偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺10%偑拝抏屻偵惗傑傟傞僄傾儘僝儖乮旝棻巕乯偲側偭偰嬻拞偵曻弌偝傟傞偐栚昗暔偵巆懚偟丄90%偺楎壔僂儔儞偑廃曈偺搚忞偵擖傝崬傫偩偙偲偵側傞(WHO, 6.1.2)

榩娸愴憟偵偍偗傞抧忋愴偱丄僀儔僋偺T-72愴幵偼丄M1A1愴幵7椉偵朇抏傪柦拞偝偣傞偙偲偑偱偒偨偑丄幚幙揑側懝奞傪梌偊傞偙偲偼偱偒側偐偭偨丅愴憟拞偵攋夡偝傟偨9椉偺僄僀僽儔儉僘愴幵偺偆偪7椉偼丄偄傢備傞乽桭孯幩寕乿偵傛偭偰攋夡偝傟偨丅巆傝偺2椉偼丄塣揮晄擻偲側偭偨偨傔偵丄曔妉傪杊偖堄恾偱傢偞偲攋夡偝傟偨傕偺偱偁傞丅偮傑傝僀儔僋孯偼M1A1愴幵傪1椉傕攋夡偡傞偙偲偑偱偒側偐偭偨丅抧忋愴偱偺偁傞僄僺僜乕僪偵傛傟偽丄揇偵偺傔傝偙傫偱屒棫偟偨1椉偺M1A1愴幵偵丄T-72愴幵3椉偑嬤偯偄偰峌寕偟偨丅偦偺偆偪偺1椉偑1,000儊乕僩儖埲撪偺嫍棧偐傜敪幩偟偨朇抏偼丄M1A1愴幵偺慜晹憰峛偵柦拞偟偨偑丄懝彎傪梌偊傞偙偲偑偱偒側偐偭偨丅暿偺1椉偼400儊乕僩儖偵傑偱嬤偯偄偰幚抏傪敪幩偟偨偑丄M1A1愴幵偺慜晹憰峛偵峚傪偮偗偨偩偗偱丄挼偹曉偭偰棊壓偟偨丅偦傟偵懳偟偰揇偵偼傑偭偨M1A1愴幵偼丄傗偡傗偡偲3椉偺T-72愴幵傪楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偱攋夡偟偨偲偄偆(Fahey, 1999a, p. 29)

傑偨嬻孯偼丄棨孯埲忋偵楎壔僂儔儞朇抏傪巊梡偟偨丅愴憟拞偵A-10峌寕婡乽愴幵僉儔乕乿偑峀斖埻偵傢偨偭偰梡偄傜傟丄94枩敪偺30儈儕楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑敪幩偝傟偨偲偄偆(Lopez, p. 3)30儈儕朇抏偺楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偺廳検偼栺298g偲憐掕偝傟傞偺偱丄A-10峌寕婡偐傜敪幩偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺廳検偼栺280僩儞偩偲偄偆偙偲偵側傞丅楎壔僂儔儞傪嵟傕戝検偵曻弌偟偨偺偼丄偙偺嬻孯偵傛傞懳愴幵峌寕偱偁偭偨丅

僀儔僋孯偑僋僂僃乕僩偐傜揚戅偡傞嵺偵捠偭偨摴偼丄乽巰偺僴僀僂僃乕乿偲屇偽傟偨丅偦傟偼暷嬻孯偺峌寕偵偝傜偝傟偨僀儔僋抧忋孯偑丄偁傑傝偵傕柍椡偵攋夡偝傟偨偐傜偱偁偭偨偑丄偦偺暷孯偺埑搢揑側攋夡椡偼丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺嵺棫偭偨娧捠擻椡偵傛傞偲偙傠偑戝偒偐偭偨丅偪側傒偵榩娸愴憟拞偺暷孯暫巑偺巰幰偼145恖偱偁傝丄偟偐傕偦偺偆偪偺彮側偔偲傕35恖偼帺孯偺岆幩偵傛偭偰巰朣偟偨幰偨偪偱偁偭偨(Bukowski, et al, p. 8)

 

8丂楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偵傛偭偰攋夡偝傟偨僀儔僋T-72愴幵(Rostker, Figure F-1)

 

榩娸愴憟拞偵楎壔僂儔儞偵墭愼偝傟偨嫲傟偑偁傞偲偟偰丄暷惌晎偵傛偭偰傕擣掕偝傟偨偺偼丄枴曽偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偵傛傞岆幩傪庴偗偨21椉偺愴幵乮僄僀僽儔儉僘愴幵6椉丄僽儔僢僪儗乕愴摤幵椉15椉乯偵忔偭偰偄偨暫巑偱偁偭偨丅楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偵傛傞岆幩偵傛偭偰憤寁13恖偑巰朣偟丄50恖偑晧彎偟偨丅偦偺偆偪偺22恖偑懱撪偵楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺攋曅傪帩偭偰偄傞丅晧彎偟偨50恖偺偆偪偺30恖偼丄戅栶孯恖徣堛椕僙儞僞乕偺娔帇懳徾偲側偭偨偑丄栺敿悢偺擜拞偐傜崅偄擹搙偺僂儔儞偑専弌偝傟偨(AEPI, 1995, 4.1)

 

9丂桭孯幩寕傪庴偗偨M2僽儔僢僪儕乕愴幵偺墶傪捠夁偡傞暿偺僽儔僢僪儕乕愴幵(Rostker, Figure H-1)

 

偦偺懠丄攋夡偝傟偨幵椉偺曗廋偵摉偨偭偨27恖偺暫巑傕丄僂儔儞墭愼偵懳偡傞懳嶔傪峴偭偰偍傜偢丄旐敇偟偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅傑偨慜慄偵峴偭偨堛椕僠乕儉偺拞偵傕丄愴屻偵懱挷晄椙傪慽偊傞幰偑尰傟偨丅偝傜偵愴憟廔椆屻偵懡偔偺暫巑偑乽愴応僣傾乕乿傪峴偭偰丄楎壔僂儔儞偵墭愼偝傟偨幵椉偵擖偭偨偙偲傕曬崘偝傟偰偍傝丄斵傜偺偆偪偺壗恖偐偼怺崗側屻堚徢偵擸傑偝傟偰偄傞偲揱偊傜傟傞乮拞崙怴暦丄200045擔乯丅側偍楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪搵嵹偟偨愴幵偺忔堳傕丄掅儗儀儖偺曻幩慄傪偁傃偰偄偨偙偲偵側傞丅

榩娸愴憟屻偺楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁偵偮偄偰尋媶偟偰偄傞僔乕僌儚儖僩亖儂乕僗僩丒僊儏儞僞乕攷巑偵傛傟偽丄乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿偲偟偰丄婍姱偺懝彎丄堚揱巕寚娮丄枬惈旀楯丄帩媣椡偺懝幐丄姶愼徢偺昿敪丄堲岮捝丄奝丄旂晢敪怾丄怮娋丄揻偒婥偍傛傃歲揻丄壓棢丄傔傑偄丄摢捝丄婰壇憆幐丄崿棎丄帇妎幘姵丄嬝擏偺醶澒丄娭愡捝偲堏摦擻椡偺寚擛丄嬝擏捝丄撪暘斿態偺旍戝丄帟壢揑幘姵丄怴惗帣偺婏宍丄側偳偑婣娨暫偺娫偱尒傜傟偨偲偄偆(Guenther, p. 169)丅榩娸愴憟帪偵暷崙偐傜攈尛偝傟偨暫堳悢偼696,661恖偱偁偭偨偑丄1999擭枛傑偱偺悢帤偱丄戅栶孯恖徣偺媼晅桳帒奿幰偲側偭偰偄傞偺偼504,047恖偱偁傝丄偦偺偆偪偺263,000埲忋偑堛椕傪梫媮偟丄185,780恖偑昦婥傗忈奞偺曗彏傪梫媮偟偰偄傞丅尰嵼傑偱偵巰朣偟偨婣娨暫偼丄9,600恖埲忋偱偁傞乮National Gulf War Resource Center, 乬2001 Gulf War Statistics乭乯丅儈僔僔僢僺乕廈偱251偺榩娸愴憟婣娨暫壠懓偵懳偟偰峴傢傟偨挷嵏偵傛傟偽丄愴憟屻偵擠怭偟偰惗傑傟偨巕偳傕偆偪丄67%偑廳搙偺幘姵偵偐偐偭偨傝丄栚丒帹偑側偐偭偨傝丄寣塼姶愼徢傗屇媧忈奞丄偁傞偄偼巜偑梈崌偟偰偄傞傛偆側忬懺偱偁偭偨(Dietz, p. 146-148)丅僀僊儕僗偱傕愴摤抧堟偵搳擖偝傟偨栺29,000恖偺偆偪丄栺8,000恖偑昦婥傪慽偊偰偄傞偲偄偆乮旤昹丄7暸乯丅

偝傜偵僀儔僋偱偼榩娸愴憟屻丄僈儞丄敀寣昦丒嵞惗晄椙惈昻寣偍傛傃埆惈庮釃丄柶塽晄慡偵傛傞姶愼徢丄戝婯柾側敪怾偍傛傃懷忬敪怾惈醬捝丄僄僀僘偵帡偨徢岓孮丄恡憻偲娞憻偺婡擻忈奞偵傛傞徢岓孮丄堚揱巕寚娮偵傛傞愭揤惈婏宍偑丄摿偵巕偳傕偺娫偱憹壛偟偨偲偄偆丅僊儏儞僞乕攷巑偵傛傟偽丄僀儔僋偱偼25枩恖偑塭嬁傪庴偗偨偲峫偊傜傟丄愴憟捈屻偺8儢寧偩偗偱傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偺撆惈偺偨傔偵僀儔僋偺巕偳傕偑栺5枩恖巰朣偟偨偲峫偊傜傟傞偲偄偆悇寁傕偁傞偲偄偆(Guenther, pp. 167-169)

 

俀亅俁丂儃僗僯傾暣憟

 

1995擭偺壞偲廐偵NATO孯偼丄儃僗僯傾亖僿儖僣僃僑價僫偵偍偄偰僙儖價傾恖惃椡偵懳偡傞嬻敋傪峴偭偨丅偦偺嵺偵楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑巊梡偝傟偨偙偲偑丄崱擔偱偼傛偔抦傜傟偰偄傞丅NATO峌寕婡偺弌寕夞悢偼4,000夞傪偙偊丄偦偺庡椡偼傾僪儕傾奀偵掆攽偟偰偄偨暷崙峲嬻曣娡偐傜旘傃棫偭偨A-10 峌寕婡偱偁偭偨丅偙傟偵傛偭偰栺1枩敪(2,750kg)偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑敪幩偝傟偨 (Royal Society, 2001, p. 3)丅側偍暷崙攈尛偺儃僗僯傾挀棷PKO晹戉偼丄160椉偺M1A1傪帩偭偰偄偨偑(Solmit, p. 7)丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏傪幚愴偱巊偭偨偲偺曬崘偼側偄丅

儃僗僯傾挀棷PKO晹戉偺梫堳偺拞偐傜丄榩娸愴憟婣娨暫偲摨偠傛偆側徢忬傪慽偊傞幰偑懡悢尰傟偨偨傔丄屻偵乽僶儖僇儞徢岓孮乿偲偄偆尵梩偑嶌傜傟傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅傑偨尰抧廧柉偺娫偱傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偺旐奞偲峫偊傜傟傞尰徾偑婲偒偨丅偨偲偊偽1999擭偺抜奒偱丄儃僗僯傾曐寬徣偼丄僈儞偺敪惗棪偑栺1.5攞偵側偭偨偲曬崘偟偰偄偨乮旤昹丄14暸乯丅

 

俀亅係丂僐僜儃暣憟

 

19993寧偐傜6寧偵偐偗偰NATO孯偼丄僐僜儃偺傾儖僶僯傾恖偺曐岇傪栚揑偲偟偰丄儐乕僑僗儔價傾楢朚孯偵懳偡傞嬻敋傪峴偭偨丅NATO孯偼暷嬻孯偺A-10峌寕婡傪巊梡偟偰嬻敋傪峴偭偨偑丄偙傟偵傛偭偰栺31,000(8,500kg)30儈儕楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑敪幩偝傟偨(Royal Society, 2001, p. 3)

楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑巊梡偝傟偨112夞偺峌寕偺徻嵶偼丄崙楢帠柋憤挿偺梫惪偵傕偲偯偄偰丄20007寧偵NATO偐傜崙楢偵採帵偝傟偨丅

 

101999擭僐僜儃暣憟偱NATO孯偵傛偭偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺栚昗偵偝傟偨抧揰乮仚報乯(UNEP, 2001, p. 9)

 

暣憟屻偵僐僜儃偱PKO偵廬帠偟偨晹戉偺拞偐傜傕丄恎懱偺晄挷傪慽偊傞幰偑尰傟偨偨傔丄2000擭偐傜2001擭偵偐偗偰丄乽僶儖僇儞徢岓孮乿偼墷廈彅崙偱戝偒側榖戣傪廤傔傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅

 

俀亅俆丂偦偺懠偺暣憟

 

嵟弶偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑幚愴偱巊梡偝傟偨偺偼丄1973擭偺僀僗儔僄儖偺M60A1愴幵偵傛偭偰偱偁偭偨偲尵傢傟傞丅僀僗儔僄儖偼丄1982擭偵傕儗僶僲儞怤峌偱M60愴幵傪巊梡偟偨丅1982擭偵偼丄塸奀孯偑丄僼傽儔儞僋僗嬤嫍棧寎寕僔僗僥儉朇傪僼僅乕僋儔儞僪暣憟偱巊偭偨丅暷崙偼丄1989擭偺僷僫儅怤峌偺嵺偵丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏傪梡偄偨偲偄偆(Laka Foundation, 乬Where and How Much Depleted Uranium Has Been Fired?乭)

榩娸愴憟屻偵暷孯偑晲椡峴巊傪峴偭偨帠椺偲偟偰偼丄1993擭偺僜儅儕傾偱偺妶摦偑偁傞丅暷棨孯偼丄僜儅儕傾偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪攝旛偟偰偄偨丅壥偨偟偰幚嵺偵巊偭偨偐偳偆偐偼丄岞幃偵偼妋擣偝傟偰偄側偄丅偨偩偟偄偢傟偵偟偰傕彫婯柾偺嶌愴偵偲偳傑偭偨偨傔偵丄巊梡検偼懡偔側偐偭偨偲巚傢傟傞丅

傑偨嵟嬤偱偼丄200110寧偵奐巒偝傟偨傾僼僈僯僗僞儞偵偍偗傞僥儘慻怐傾儖僇乕僀僟偍傛傃僞儕僶儞惌尃偵懳偡傞暷塸孯偺孯帠峴摦偵丄楎壔僂儔儞偑巊傢傟偨偺偱偼側偄偐偲偺壇應偑峀傑偭偨丅偙偺壇應偼丄暷惌晎偺尩偟偄庢嵽丒曬摴婯惂偵傛偭偰丄堦憌崅傑傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅

傾僼僈僯僗僞儞偱偺愴憟偱惗傑傟偨嫽枴怺偄壇應偼丄僶儞僇乕丒僶僗僞乕敋抏(GBU-37 Bunker Busters)偲屇偽傟傞怴偟偄暫婍偵偮偄偰偱偁傞丅偙傟偼摯孉側偳偵愽傫偱偄傞揋傗丄抧壓偵塀偟帩偭偰偄傞晲婍抏栻屔側偳傪丄儈僒僀儖峌寕偱攋夡偡傞偨傔偵巊傢傟傞丄嬌搙偵娧捠擻椡偺偡偖傟偨敋抏偱偁傞丅幚嵺偺偲偙傠丄僶儞僇乕丒僶僗僞乕敋抏偼丄憡摉側孯帠揑棙塿傪暷孯懁偵傕偨傜偟偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺敋抏偺嵟戝偺摿挜偼丄抧壓偵傂偦傓昗揑傪崅偄娧捠擻椡偱峌寕偱偒傞揰偩偑丄偦偺傛偆側娧捠擻椡傪梌偊傞偨傔偵巊傢傟傞嬥懏偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偐僞儞僌僗僥儞偩偗偩偲尵傢傟傞丅1970擭戙偺媍榑偵偁偭偨傛偆偵丄僞儞僌僗僥儞偼崅壙偱偁傝丄旓梡懳岠壥傪峫偊傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡偑媈傢傟傞傢偗偱偁傞(Williams, 2002a, p. 29)丅側偍偦偺懠偺崅偄娧捠擻椡傪屩傞弰峲儈僒僀儖傗丄偄傢備傞僗儅乕僩敋抏側偳傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡偑媈傢傟偰偄傞暫婍偱偁傞丅

傾僼僈僯僗僞儞偵偍偗傞暷塸孯偺孯帠嶌愴偺応崌丄棨孯偺栶妱偼傎偲傫偳側偐偭偨丅憃曽偺愴幵偑懳洺偟偰偍屳偄偺攋夡擻椡偲杊屼擻椡傪嫞偄崌偆偲偄偆応柺偼側偔丄愴幵偺朇抏偲憰峛偵梡偄傜傟偰偄傞楎壔僂儔儞偼昁梫偱偼側偐偭偨丅傑偨暷孯偵偲偭偰杊嬻擻椡偺掅偄僞儕僶儞惌尃懁偺抧忋巤愝傪攋夡偡傞偙偲偼嬌傔偰梕堈偱偁傝丄奀忋偐傜曻偨傟傞弰峲儈僒僀儖偺壥偨偡栶妱偼暣憟弶婜傪彍偗偽崅偔側偐偭偨丅夁嫀偺暣憟偵偍偄偰抧忋偺愴幵側偳偺棨忋暫椡偵懳偟偰崅偄娧捠擻椡傪帩偮嬻孯偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼埿椡傪敪婗偟偨偑丄寉憰旛偺僞儕僶儞孯偵懳偟偰偼丄掋嶡塹惎傗柍恖掋嶡婡丄偦偟偰抧忋偵揥奐偟偨摿庩晹戉偍傛傃杒晹摨柨孯偲楢実偟偰塀傟偰偄傞暫椡傪尒偮偗弌偟丄敋寕婡側偳偱恦懍偵敋寕偡傞偙偲偑壗傛傝傕廳梫偱偁偭偨丅

傾僼僈僯僗僞儞偵偍偄偰楎壔僂儔儞偺帩偮娧捠擻椡偑媮傔傜傟偨偲巚傢傟傞応柺偼丄暣憟弶婜偵偍偄偰惂嬻尃傪妉摼偡傞偨傔偵丄抧忋偺杊嬻巤愝傪峌寕偟偨偲偒偱偁傠偆丅偨偩偟栚昗暔偺彮側偝傗昻庛偝偐傜丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪梡偄偨峌寕偺夞悢偼懡偔側偐偭偨偲梊憐偝傟傞丅

偩偑僶儞僇乕丒僶僗僞乕敋抏偵楎壔僂儔儞偑梡偄傜傟偰偄傞偺偱偼側偄偐偲偺壇應偵丄愢摼椡偑側偄傢偗偱偼側偄丅暣憟屻婜偵嶳妜抧懷偺摯孉側偳偵摝偘崬傫偩傾儖僇乕僀僟偍傛傃僞儕僶儞暫傪峌寕偡傞偨傔偵偼丄抧昞傪娧捠偟偨屻丄峀偄斖埻偵傢偨偭偰懝奞傪梌偊傞暫婍偑媮傔傜傟偨丅崅偄娧捠擻椡傪帩偮儈僒僀儖偼丄僞儕僶儞懁偑抧壓偵塀偟帩偭偰偄偨戝検偺暫婍丒抏栻傪攋夡偡傞偨傔偵傕昁梫偱偁偭偨丅偦偺偨傔偵媮傔傜傟偨丄抧昞傪娧捠偟丄敋敪偡傞暫婍偑丄僶儞僇乕丒僶僗僞乕敋抏偱偁偭偨丅

偟偐偟偙偺僶儞僇乕丒僶僗僞乕敋抏偼丄怴偟偄暫婍偱偁傝丄偦偺峔憿偼岞偵偝傟偰偄側偄丅僀僊儕僗惌晎偺愢柧偵傛傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞偼昁偢偟傕晄壜寚偱偼側偔丄僞儞僌僗僥儞側偳偺暔幙傪梡偄傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偲偄偆丅偟偐偟暷惌晎偐傜偼偄偐側傞愢柧傕側偝傟偰偍傜偢丄偙偺栤戣傪傔偖傞媈栤偼夝寛偝傟側偄傑傑偵側偭偰偄傞丅

偙偺暫婍偺栤戣偼丄戝検偺楎壔僂儔儞傪娷傫偱偄傞偐傕偟傟側偄偲婋湝偝傟偰偄傞偙偲偱偁傞丅嵟怴幃偺僶儞僇乕o僗僞乕敋抏偼丄俆僩儞埲忋偺楎壔僂儔儞傪娷傫偱偄傞壜擻惈傪帩偮偲柉娫尋媶幰偺僟僀E傿儕傾儉僘偼尵偆(Williams, 2002b, p. 6)丅偙偺検偱偁傟偽丄斾妑揑彮側偄昿搙偱巊傢傟偨偲偟偰傕丄傑偨偨偲偊抧忋偱敋敪偟側偐偭偨偲偟偰傕丄嬌傔偰婋尟側検偺楎壔僂儔儞偑壗傜偐偺宍偱曻弌偝傟傞偙偲偵側傞丅幚嵺偺偲偙傠丄偡偱偵傾僼僈僯僗僞儞偱僀儔僋傪忋夞傞曻幩擻偑専弌偝傟丄廧柉偺娫偱偺寬峃旐奞偑弌巒傔偰偄傞偲偄偆巜揈偑柉娫尋媶幰偺娫偱側偝傟偼偠傔偰偄傞(Durakovic, p. 4)

側偍傾儖亖僇乕僀僟偑偄傢備傞乽墭偄敋抏乿傪奐敪偟偰偍傝丄楎壔僂儔儞傪暫婍偵揮梡偟偨偲偺娤應傕棳傟偰偄傞丅暷崙杊挿姱偺僪僫儖僪丒儔儉僘僼僃儖僪偼丄婰幰夛尒偺惾偱丄傾僼僈僯僗僞儞偺偁傞応強偱崅偄曻幩擻抣偑帵偝傟偨偙偲傪弎傋偨偑丄偦傟偼戝検攋夡暫婍奐敪偺偣偄偲偄偆傛傝傕乽楎壔僂儔儞偺寢壥偱偁傞傛偆偩乿偲偄偆尒夝傪帵偟偨(Williams, 2002a, p. 120)丅傑偨20027寧偵側偭偰丄僞儕僶儞懁惃椡偑嫆揰偵偟偰偄偨僇儞僟僴乕儖偺嬻峘偐傜楎壔僂儔儞偲巚傢傟傞曻幩惈暔幙偑敪尒偝傟偨(Pandra Project, DU Info Bulletin, no. 54)

 

俀亅俇丂楎壔僂儔儞偑曻弌偝傟偨帠屘

 

師偵暣憟偵偍偄偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑梡偄傜傟偨傢偗偱偼側偄偑丄楎壔僂儔儞偑帠屘偵傛偭偰曻弌偝傟偨椺傪娙扨偵尒偰偍偙偆丅偡偱偵弎傋偨傛偆偵丄楎壔僂儔儞偼峲嬻婡偺暯峵悗偲偟偰傕梡偄傜傟偰偄傞丅偟偨偑偭偰楎壔僂儔儞暯峵悗傪搵嵹偟偨峲嬻婡偑捘棊偟偨応崌丄楎壔僂儔儞偺僄傾儘僝儖偑旘嶶偡傞偙偲偵側傞丅擔杮偱偼偡偱偵1985擭偺擔峲僕儍儞儃丒儃乕僀儞僌747捘棊帠審偺嵺偵丄傑偢憡柾榩忋偱偺旜梼偺攋夡偵傛偭偰楎壔僂儔儞偑奀拞偵棊壓偟丄偝傜偵捘棊尰応偱傕楎壔僂儔儞偑嶶棎偟偨丅1988擭偵偼丄暷孯偺A-10 峌寕婡偑僪僀僣偺儗儉僔儍僀僩偵捘棊偟偨丅僆儔儞僟偺傾儉僗僥儖僟儉偵199210寧偵捘棊偟偨僀僗儔僄儖偺僄儖傾儖壿暔婡偑儃乕僀儞僌747偩偭偨偙偲偼丄儓乕儘僢僷偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞傊偺娭怱傪崅傔傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅奺儃乕僀儞僌747婡偵偼丄1.65僩儞偺楎壔僂儔儞偑搵嵹偝傟偰偄傞偲偄偆巜揈傕偁傞(Bukowski, p. 40)丅偨偩偟岞幃偵偼丄282kg偺楎壔僂儔儞偑傾儉僗僥儖僟儉偵捘棊偟偨儃乕僀儞僌婡偵搵嵹偝傟偰偄偨偲愢柧偝傟偰偄傞丅偦偺偆偪偺130g偑丄夞廂偝傟偨(WHO, 6.1.1)丅偳偪傜偺応崌偱傕丄捘棊尰応偺廃曈抧堟偱丄旂晢昦丄恡憻偺婡擻忈奞丄巕偳傕敀寣昦丄弌惗帣偺婏宍偑憹壛偟偨偲偄偆曬崘偑偁傞(Guenther, p. 170)丅偝傜偵20001寧偵偼丄僀僊儕僗偺僗僞儞僗僥僪嬻峘偱戝娯峲嬻偺儃乕僀儞僌747偑捘棊偟偨丅WHO偵傛傟偽丄傾儉僗僥儖僟儉傗僗僞儞僗僥僪偱偺帠屘偵偍偄偰偼丄戝晹暘偺楎壔僂儔儞暯峵悗偑傎傏尰忬偳偍傝偵夞廂偝傟偨偲尒傜傟傞堦曽偱丄暯峵悗偵幚嵺偵偳偺傛偆側惈幙偺楎壔僂儔儞偑梡偄傜傟偰偄偨偐丄擱從偵偁偨偭偰偺僄傾儘僝儖偺曻弌壜擻惈偑偳偺掱搙偱偁偭偨偐側偳偑晄柧偱偁傞偨傔丄偳傟偩偗偺妱崌偺楎壔僂儔儞偑夞廂偝傟偨偐傪妋掕揑偵敾抐偡傞偙偲偼崲擄偩偲偄偆(WHO, 6.1.1)

嵟埆偺楎壔僂儔儞曻弌帠審偲側偭偨偺偼丄榩娸愴憟捈屻偵僋僂僃乕僩偺僉儍儞僾丒僪乕僴偱婲偙偭偨暷棨孯偺抏栻憅屔偵偍偗傞壩嵭帠屘偱偁偭偨丅19917寧偵婲偙偭偨偙偺帠屘偱偼丄敋敪偑6帪娫懕偒丄壩嵭偼擇擔娫偵搉偭偰徚偊側偐偭偨丅1,500枩僪儖暘偺抏栻偲丄2,300枩僪儖暘偺幵椉偑從幐偟偨丅偦偺拞偵偼楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱傪帩偭偨660偺愴幵朇抏偲丄9,72025儈儕朇抏丄偦偟偰楎壔僂儔儞憰峛傪帩偭偨M1A1僄僀僽儔儉僘愴幵4戜偑娷傑傟偰偄偨丅偙偺壩嵭偵傛偭偰丄偍傛偦9,000億儞僪乮栺4僩儞乯偺楎壔僂儔儞偑墛忋偟偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅壩嵭偺悢擔屻偵惔憒嶌嬈偵廬帠偟偨暫巑偼丄楎壔僂儔儞墭愼偺懚嵼偵偮偄偰寈崘傪庴偗偰偄側偐偭偨(Fahey, 1999a, pp. 33-35)

 


戞俁復丂楎壔僂儔儞偺尋媶

 

楎壔僂儔儞偵懳偡傞娭怱偼丄榩娸愴憟屻偺暷崙傗塸崙偵偍偗傞偄傢備傞乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿傗丄僀儔僋崙撪偺僈儞傗敀寣昦姵幰偁傞偄偼愭揤惈堎忢帣偺媫憹側偳偵傛偭偰丄彊乆偵崅傑偭偨丅儓乕儘僢僷偱偼乽僶儖僇儞徢岓孮乿偲屇偽傟傞徢忬偑丄儃僗僯傾挀棷晹戉偐傜偺婣娨暫偺娫偱峀傑傝丄娭怱偑崅傑偭偨丅偟偐偟楎壔僂儔儞偺栤戣帺懱偼丄1990擭戙偵側偭偰弶傔偰婲偙偭偰偒偨傢偗偱偼側偄丅杮復偱偼丄楎壔僂儔儞栤戣偺尋媶偺摦岦傪楌巎揑側棳傟偵増偭偰妋擣偡傞丅偦傟偵傛偭偰尰嵼偺楎壔僂儔儞栤戣傪丄夁嫀偺尋媶偺惉壥偺墑挿慄忋偱擣幆偡傞偙偲傪帋傒傞丅

 

俁亅侾丂榩娸愴憟埲慜

 

楎壔僂儔儞帺懱偼丄戞擇師悽奅戝愴拞偺儅儞僴僢僞儞寁夋偵傛傞尨敋奐敪偺偲偒偐傜暃嶻暔偲偟偰嶌傝弌偝傟偰偄偨丅愴憟拞偵僫僠僗丒僪僀僣偍傛傃暷崙偼丄僂儔儞傪梡偄偨戝検嶦滳壔妛暫婍偺奐敪偺壜擻惈傪扵偭偰偄偨(IDUST, 2)丅戝愴屻偵偼椻愴偑杣敪偟丄僜楢偲偺娫偵1950擭戙埲崀寖偟偄妀奐敪嫞憟偑峴傢傟傞傛偆偵側傞偲丄暷崙偼偝傜偵朿戝側検偺楎壔僂儔儞傪強桳偡傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅偦偙偱壗傜偐偺宍偱曻幩惈攑婞暔偱偁傞楎壔僂儔儞傪嵞棙梡偡傞曽嶔偑柾嶕偝傟傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅

崙棫尋媶棟帠夛崙壠尨椏帎栤埾堳夛(National Materials Advisory Board of the National Research Council)偼丄傑偢1971擭偵楎壔僂儔儞偵偮偄偰偺堦斒揑昡壙傪峴偭偨屻丄1974擭偵嵟弶偺曬崘彂傪傑偲傔偨丅楎壔僂儔儞巊梡偺婋尟惈偵偮偄偰偺曬崘彂偲丄楎壔僂儔儞偲僞儞僌僗僥儞傪斾妑専摙偡傞曬崘彂偺擇偮偼丄1979擭偵岞昞偝傟偨丅崙杊憤徣撪奜偺尋媶幰偵傛傞戞巐偺曬崘彂偑巇忋偘傜傟偨偺偼丄1990擭偱偁偭偨(AEPI, 1994, 3.1; AEPI, 1995, 1.1)丅偙傟傜偺曬崘彂偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偺孯帠揑棙梡偼丄寬峃丒娐嫬偵戝偒側塭嬁傪梌偊側偄偑丄帠屘傗愴摤偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼廳戝側愛庢丒媧擖偺婋尟惈傪帩偮偲偟偰偄偨(AEPI, 1995, 5.4)丅偩偑偦傟偱傕楎壔僂儔儞偺廳検偲枾搙偺崅偝偼丄娧捠懱偲偟偰枺椡揑偱偁傝丄偟偐傕攑婞暔偱偁傞楎壔僂儔儞偑傎偲傫偳柍恠憼偵庢摼偱偒傞偨傔偵丄僞儞僌僗僥儞側偳偲斾偟偰楎壔僂儔儞偼孯帠棙梡偵揔偟偰偄傞偲峫偊傜傟偨偺偱偁偭偨丅

1972擭偵偼丄儘僗傾儔儌僗崙棫尋媶強(Los Alamos National Laboratory)偺壢妛幰偨偪偑丄愴幵娧捠懱偲偟偰楎壔僂儔儞傪棙梡偡傞曽朄傪尋媶偟巒傔偨(Lopez, p. 2)丅偦偟偰偦偺屻丄慡暷奺抧偺暫婍尋媶強丒帋尡応偱丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺奐敪偑恑傔傜傟偰偄偔偙偲偵側偭偨丅榩娸愴憟偵偄偨傞傑偱偺帪婜偵偼丄暫婍奐敪偺娤揰偐傜丄楎壔僂儔儞巊梡偺棙塿偲晄棙塿傪斾妑峫検偡傞宍偱丄懡悢偺尋媶敪昞偑側偝傟偨(Rostker, TAB L)

1970擭戙偐傜90擭傑偱偺尋媶偱傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偺寬峃丒娐嫬偵梌偊傞塭嬁偵偮偄偰挷嵏偡傞偙偲偑姪崘偝傟偰偄偨丅偟偐偟幚嵺偵偼棨孯偼廫暘側慬抲傪庢偭偨偲偼偄偊側偄(AEPI, 1995, 1.1)丅楎壔僂儔儞棙梡偺宱嵪惈偑奐敪偺娤揰偐傜偼嵟戝偺枺椡偱偁傝丄寬峃旐奞偼彅乆偺懳嶔偱僐儞僩儘乕儖偱偒傞偲峫偊傜傟偰偄偨(Nelson and Carmichael, pp. 47-49)丅偟偐偟幚嵺偵偼愴応偲側傞揋崙偺暫巑丒廧柉偼傕偪傠傫丄帺崙偺暫巑偵傕丄楎壔僂儔儞懳嶔偺曽朄偼丄偁傞偄偼偦偺婋尟惈偦偺傕偺偱偡傜丄嫵偊傜傟側偐偭偨丅

1978擭偵怴暦巻亀儚僔儞僩儞丒僗僞乕亁偑楎壔僂儔儞暫婍奐敪偵偮偄偰曬偠偨屻丄暷崙忋堾偵偍偄偰嫟榓搣偺儘僶乕僩丒僪乕儖媍堳偼師偺傛偆偵敪尵偟偨丅

乽丒丒丒巹偼偙偺採埬偵徴寕傪庴偗傞丅丒丒丒楎壔僂儔儞偑枺椡揑偵尒偊傞棟桼偼丄偦傟偑埨壙偩偐傜偱偁傞丅丒丒丒戞堦偵丄僂儔儞偼婋尟偱偁傞丅傕偟崙杊憤徣偑偙偺寁夋傪恑傔傞偙偲傪寛掕偡傞側傜偽丄偙偺暔幙傪埖偆偙偲偺婋尟惈偵偮偄偰丄懡偔偑岅傜傟傞偙偲偵側傠偆丅傕偟偦偆偡傞側傜偽丄崙杊憤徣偼帺傜偺恖堳傪僈儞儅曻幩慄偺怴偟偄尮偵偝傜偟偨偑偭偰偄傞偲偄偆偙偲偵側傞偩傠偆丅乿(Quoted in Bukowski, et al, pp. 20-21)

棨孯偼偟偐偟偮偄偵1988擭偵側偭偰M1A1愴幵傪攝旛偟偨嵺丄楎壔僂儔儞傪巊梡偡傞偙偲傪岞幃偵擣傔傞偙偲偵側偭偨(Bukowski, et al, pp. 17, 18)

1980擭戙偵側傞偲丄孯娭學幰偩偗偱偼側偔丄柉娫偱傕楎壔僂儔儞偵娭怱傪帩偮尋媶幰偑尰傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅偨偲偊偽尰嵼偱傕楎壔僂儔儞栤戣偵惛捠偡傞柉娫尋媶幰偺僟儅僔僆丒儘儁僗巵偼丄僯儏乕儊僉僔僐廈僜僢僐儘巗偵廧傫偱偄偨偑丄巗撪偵偁傞僯儏乕儊僉僔僐峼嶳嵦孈媄弍戝妛(New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology: NMIMT)偑強桳偡傞帋尡応偱帋幩偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞墭愼偵懳偡傞晄埨偐傜丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺挷嵏妶摦傪巒傔偨丅

 

俁亅俀丂榩娸愴憟屻

 

榩娸愴憟偱偼弶傔偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑幚愴偱丄偟偐傕300僩儞埲忋偲偄偆朿戝側検偱巊傢傟偨丅偦偙偱婣娨暫偺娫偱婲偙偭偨乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿偲楎壔僂儔儞偲偺娭學偑媈傢傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅偦偟偰僀儔僋偱婲偙偭偨僈儞側偳傗愭揤惈堎忢偺媫憹偲丄楎壔僂儔儞偲偺娭學偑媈傢傟傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅

偙偙偱傕嵟弶偵摦偄偨偺偼柉娫尋媶幰偱偁偭偨丅乽僆乕僗僩儕傾崙嵺墿廫帤乿偺憤嵸僔乕僌儚儖僩亖儂乕僗僩丒僊儏儞僞乕嫵庼偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺僀儔僋偺恖乆偺寬峃偵懳偡傞塭嬁傪憗偔偐傜挷傋偰偍傝丄1993擭偵偼僀儔僋偱敪尒偟偨楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺巆奫傪僪僀僣偵帩偪崬傕偆偲偟偨偑丄寈嶡偵墴廂偝傟丄乽尨巕椡朄乿堘斀偱敱嬥孻傪庴偗偨丅偟偐偟僊儏儞僞乕嫵庼戇曔帠審偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍栤戣偑崙嵺揑偵抦傜傟傞傛偆偵側傞偺偵攺幵傪偐偗偨(Guenther, p. 167)

儘儁僗巵傜嶰恖偑幏昅偟偨亀Uranium Battlefields: Home and Abroad亁乮1993擭乯偼丄榩娸愴憟屻丄嵟傕憗偔楎壔僂儔儞偺婋尟惈傪懱宯揑偵愢柧偟丄偮偄偵幚愴巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺婯惂傪慽偊偨尋媶彂偱偁偭偨(Bukowski, et al)丅柉娫抍懱偐傜弌斉偝傟偨杮偱偼偁偭偨偑丄尨場晄柧偺懱挷晄椙偵擸傓榩娸愴憟婣娨暫側偳偵傕峀偔撉傑傟丄屻偺楎壔僂儔儞栤戣偵娭偡傞柉娫尋媶幰偵塭嬁傪梌偊偨丅傑偨楎壔僂儔儞旐奞傪曬崘偡傞僀儔僋惌晎偑崙楢偵採弌偟偨暥彂側偳偱傕丄嶲徠偝傟偨(Republic of Iraq, p. 4)

傑偨1993擭偵偼丄媍夛偺梫惪偵墳偠偰暷崙夛寁専嵏堾(GAO)偑丄乽桭孯幩寕乿傪庴偗偨愴幵偺忔慻堳偵偮偄偰挷嵏偟丄楎壔僂儔儞偵墭愼偝傟偨嫲傟偑偁傞偙偲傪岞昞偟偨丅寬峃偵挊偟偄婋奞偑偁傞儗儀儖偺旐奞偱偼側偄偲偟側偑傜傕丄榩娸愴憟廬帠幰偑丄楎壔僂儔儞懳嶔偺孭楙傪庴偗偰偍傜偢丄楎壔僂儔儞偵偮偄偰偺廫暘側抦幆傪帩偭偰偄側偐偭偨偙偲傪栤戣帇偟偨丅偦偟偰棨孯偼傛傝揔愗側懳墳傪偡傋偒偩偲姪崘偟偨偺偱偁偭偨(USGAO, 1993)

偙偺擭偵偼丄棨孯傕撪晹挷嵏傪巒傔偰偄傞丅孯曻幩慄惗暔妛尋媶強(Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute: AFRRI)偼丄懱撪偵擖偭偨楎壔僂儔儞偺攋曅偺塭嬁偵偮偄偰偺曬崘彂傪嶌惉偟偨丅偦偺曬崘彂偵傛傟偽丄1mm-4mm偲憐掕偝傟傞楎壔僂儔儞偺攋曅偑恖懱偵杽傔崬傑傟偨応崌丄愽嵼揑側寬峃傊偺婋尟惈偑惗偠傞偐傕偟傟側偄偲偄偆丅曬崘彂偼丄扨堦偺晄梟惈楎壔僂儔儞抐曅偑杽傔崬傑傟偨応崌丄抳巰揑僈儞偺敪惗棪偼丄0.3亾崅傑傞偩傠偆偲巜揈偟偨(Daxon and Musk, 1993a, p. 6)AFRRI偼偁傢偣偰丄楎壔僂儔儞攋曅傪懱撪偵杽傔崬傑傟偨婣娨暫傪娤嶡偡傞傗傝曽偵偮偄偰傕暥彂壔偟偨(Daxon, 1993b)丅偦偺屻丄AFRRI偺尋媶堳偨偪偼丄儔僢僩偵楎壔僂儔儞傪搳梌偡傞幚尡傪巒傔偨(Castro, et al)丅楎壔僂儔儞偑悢乆偺幘昦傪堷偒婲偙偡桳奞側惈幙傪帩偭偰偄傞偙偲偑妋偐傔傜傟偨幚尡寢壥偼丄妛弍嶨帍偵宖嵹偝傟偨丅

塸崙尨巕椡婡娭(United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority)偑愴応偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞巊梡偺挿婜揑側婋尟惈偵偮偄偰巜揈偟偨偺傪庴偗偰丄暷崙媍夛偼丄棨孯娐嫬惌嶔尋媶強(Army Environmental Policy Institute: AEPI)偵楎壔僂儔儞偺寬峃偍傛傃娐嫬偵懳偡傞塭嬁丄楎壔僂儔儞墭愼傪彍嫀偡傞曽朄丄楎壔僂儔儞偺撆惈傪尭傜偡曽朄丄楎壔僂儔儞偐傜娐嫬傪庣傞嵟慞偺曽朄丄偵偮偄偰挷嵏偡傞傛偆偵柦偠偨丅偦傟傪庴偗偰嶌惉偝傟偨偺偑1994擭偺梫栺曬崘彂丄偦偟偰1995擭偺媄弍揑曬崘彂偱偁偭偨丅

AEPI曬崘彂偼丄棨孯偺愑擟傪彽偔傛偆側婰弎傪旔偗側偑傜傕丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偑愽嵼揑偵恖懱偵婋奞傪媦傏偟偆傞傕偺偱偁傞偙偲傪妋擣偟偨丅摨帪偵丄搚忞偺孈傝曉偟側偳偺帠屻揑懳墳嶔偑峫偊傜傟傞偲偟偰傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偺撆惈傪尭傜偡曽朄偼懚嵼偟側偄偲偟偰丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍栤戣偵摿岠栻偑側偄偙偲傪柧妋偵偟偨丅偦偟偰傑偢傕偭偰暷崙暫巑偵楎壔僂儔儞墭愼偵懳偡傞懳墳嶔傪揙掙偟偰嫵堢偡傞偙偲偺昁梫惈傪愢偄偨(AEPI, 1995, 7.5.3, 6.2, 8.2.2)丅幚偼AEPI偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑巊梡偝傟偨応強傪摿掕偡傞嶌嬈側偳偵偍偄偰丄揔摉側梫惪偵傕偲偯偄偰丄墭愼崙傪巟墖偡傞傋偒偩偲傕榑偠偰偄偨(AEPI, 1994, 5.3, 8.2.4)

擇偮偺AEPI曬崘彂偼丄棨孯撪晹偐傜偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵娭偡傞忣曬採嫙偺栶妱傪扴偭偨偩偗偱偼側偔丄棨孯偺楎壔僂儔儞懳嶔偑晄廫暘偱偁傞偲巜揈偟偰丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺婋尟惈傪堦斒揑側宍偱偁傟擣傔偨揰偱丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偵斀懳偡傞幰偨偪偵傕昿斏偵堷梡偝傟傞廳梫暥彂偲側偭偨丅偨偩偟傕偲傕偲AEPI曬崘彂偑丄堦斒偵岞奐偝傟偢丄崙夛媍堳傗戝摑椞帎栤埾堳夛偵偝偊搉偝傟側偐偭偨暥彂偱偁偭偨偙偲偼丄晅偗壛偊偰偍偄偰傛偄偩傠偆丅AEPI曬崘彂偑楎壔僂儔儞偵懳偡傞擣抦傪寢壥揑偵峀傔傞偙偲偵側偭偨偺偼丄孯帠揮梡偝傟偨壔妛揑撆暔傪娔帇偡傞偙偲傪栚揑偲偡傞丄孯帠撆暔僾儘僕僃僋僩(The Military Toxics Project)偲偄偆抍懱偑丄枾偐偵曬崘彂傪擖庤偟偨偐傜偱偁偭偨丅摨僾儘僕僃僋僩偼丄乽懠偺偁傜備傞忬嫷偵偍偄偰曻幩擻偺婋尟偑偁傝丄壔妛揑攑婞暔偩偲偝傟偰偄傞傕偺偑丄愴応偵偍偄偰偩偗埨慡偲偝傟偰偄傞乿偲偄偆斸敾揑側僐儊儞僩傪晅偟偰丄AEPI曬崘彂偺撪梕傪峀傔偨(Solnit, p. 3)

崙杊憤徣偲戅栶孯恖徣偼丄1993擭偵楎壔僂儔儞丒僼僅儘乕傾僢僾寁夋傪棫偪忋偘偰丄寽擮偺暐怈偵搘傔傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅偟偐偟偙偺寁夋偼丄僟儞丒僼傽乕僸乕側偳帺傜傕榩娸愴憟婣娨暫偱偁傞尋媶幰偵傛偭偰尩偟偔斸敾偝傟偰偄傞丅側偤側傜栤戣偺婯柾偺戝偒偝偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄挷嵏斖埻偑彫偝偄偐傜偱偁傞丅1993擭偐傜2002擭偵偄偨傞傑偱偺娫丄楎壔僂儔儞偺旐敇偺嫲傟偑偁傞偲擣掕偝傟偨丄乽桭孯幩寕乿傪庴偗偨愴幵偵忔偭偰偄偨暫巑偺偆偪丄傢偢偐60恖懌傜偢偺婣娨暫偟偐挷嵏懳徾偲偝傟側偐偭偨丅挷嵏婯柾偺彫偝偝偼丄崙杊憤徣偑撈帺偵挷嵏懳徾傪寛傔丄寬峃偺晄挷傪帺屓怽崘偟偨幰傪懳徾偐傜奜偟偨偙偲偵傛傞丅偦傕偦傕崙杊憤徣偱偡傜丄866恖偐傜932恖偑楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偨偲峫偊偰偄偨偼偢偩偭偨丅偦偺拞偵偼楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺乽桭孯幩寕乿傪庴偗偨愴幵偺忔慻堳偩偭偨104恖偑娷傑傟偰偄傞丅2001擭偵儓乕儘僢僷彅崙偱崅傑偭偨楎壔僂儔儞墭愼偺旐奞偵懳偡傞寽擮傪庴偗偰丄崙杊憤徣偺僗億乕僋僗儅儞偼丄挷嵏偟偨60恖偺拞偐傜扤傕僈儞傪敪昦偟側偐偭偨偲弎傋偨偑丄僼傽乕僸乕偼彮側偔偲傕堦柤偑儕儞僷僈儞傪丄暿偺堦柤偑崪庮釃傪敪昦偟偰偄傞偙偲傪巜揈偟丄崙杊憤徣偺岞幃尒夝偼媈傢偟偄偲偟偰偄傞(Fahey, 2002)丅側偍僼傽乕僸乕偵傛傟偽丄悢廫枩恖偺榩娸愴憟廬帠幰偑丄壗傜偐偺宍偱楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偨(Fahey, 1998, p. 3)

僋儕儞僩儞惌尃偼1995擭偵戝摑椞帎栤埾堳夛(Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veteran乫s Illness)傪愝棫偟偰丄乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿偺挷嵏傪柦偠偨丅偦偺嵟廔曬崘彂偼丄1996擭枛偵岞昞偝傟偨偑丄榩娸愴憟帪偺僨乕僞偺寚擛傪巜揈偟偮偮丄楎壔僂儔儞側偳偺寬峃偵懳偡傞場壥娭學偼斲掕偟偨丅偦偟偰榩娸愴憟徢岓孮偺尨場傪丄愴憟偵偍偗傞惛恄惈偺僗僩儗僗偵尒弌偟偨丅摉慠側偑傜偙偺傛偆側尒夝傕傑偨丄壢妛揑偵廫暘偵徹柧壜擻側傢偗偱偼側偔丄寢嬊楎壔僂儔儞偵娭偡傞媍榑傪廂廍偡傞偙偲偼偱偒側偐偭偨丅

1997擭偺惌晎夵妚娔撀埾堳夛(Committee on Government Reform and Oversight)曬崘彂偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偑榩娸愴憟廬帠幰偵寬峃忋偺婋尟傪梌偊偨壜擻惈傪斲掕偟側偐偭偨丅偟偐偟崙杊憤徣偵愝偗傜傟偨榩娸愴憟昦丒堛椕弨旛丒孯帠攝抲丒崙杊挿姱摿暿曗嵅姱帠柋強(Office of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness and Military Deployments: OSAGWI)偼丄1998擭偵側偭偰敪昞偟偨曬崘彂偵偍偄偰丄偁傜偨傔偰楎壔僂儔儞偲榩娸愴憟徢岓孮偲偺娭學傪斲掕偟偨丅偲偙傠偑OSAGWI偺曬崘彂偼丄戝摑椞摿暿娔帇埾堳夛(Presidential Special Oversight Board)偵傛偭偰丄壢妛揑榑徹偺揰偱晄旛偑偁傞偲巜揈偝傟偨丅偦偺棟桼偼丄懱挷晄椙傪慽偊偰偄傞幰偺傎偲傫偳偑専嵏懳徾偲偝傟側偐偭偨偙偲丄楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偨掱搙偺昡壙偑晄姰慡偱岆傝偱偁傞偙偲丄偮傑傝楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵捈愙偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨幰偑晜梀偡傞楎壔僂儔儞旝棻巕傪媧擖偡傞壜擻惈傪夁彫昡壙偟偰偄傞偲巚傢傟傞偙偲丄抝彈偺惈暿偑傕偨傜偡嵎堎偵拲堄傪暐傢側偐偭偨偙偲丄壜梟惈楎壔僂儔儞偲晄梟惈楎壔僂儔儞偺斾棪偑娫堘偄偱偁偭偨偙偲丄楎壔僂儔儞偺撆惈偺搙崌偄偺昡壙偑娫堘偄偱偁偭偨偙偲丄埶嫆偟偨尋媶偑寢榑晅偗偵偼晄姰慡側傕偺偱偟偐側偐偭偨偙偲丄側偳偱偁偭偨(PSOB, pp. 1-2)丅偙傟偵懳偟偰OSAGWI偼丄暷崙棨孯寬峃懀恑梊杊堛妛僙儞僞乕 (U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine: ACHPPM)偵偝傜側傞尋媶傪峴傢偣丄揙掙揑側斀榑傪揥奐偟偨(Rostker)

ACHPPM偺尋媶偺撪梕偼丄2000擭偵岞昞偝傟偨丅偙偺尋媶偺摿挜偼丄OSAGWI偑愝掕偟偨嶰偮偺儗儀儖偵嬫暘偗偝傟偨榩娸愴憟廬帠暫偺偦傟偧傟偺廤抍偑丄偳偺掱搙偺楎壔僂儔儞傪媧擖偟丄偳偺掱搙偺堛妛忋偺婋尟惈傪帩偭偰偄傞偐傪丄傛傝惓妋偵悇應偟傛偆偲偟偨揰偵偁傞丅戞堦儗儀儖偺廤抍偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑娧捠偟偨弖娫偵丄昗揑偲側偭偨愴幵偺撪晹傕偟偔偼嬌傔偰嬤偔偵偄偨幰丄偦偟偰娧捠捈屻偵撪晹偺幰傪彆偗傞偨傔偵愴幵撪偵擖偭偨幰偨偪偵傛偭偰峔惉偝傟傞丅戞擇儗儀儖偺廤抍偼丄乽桭孯幩寕乿偺屻偵墭愼幵椉偱嶌嬈傪峴偭偨幰偨偪傗丄僉儍儞僾丒僪乕僴偱壩嵭偺屻偵惔憒嶌嬈傪峴偭偨幰偨偪偱偁傞丅戞嶰儗儀儖偺廤抍偼丄偦偺懠偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑擱從偟偨嵺偵晽壓偵偄偨幰側偳偱偁傞(USACHPPM, 2000, pp. iii-iv)

寢榑偲偟偰偼丄ACHPPM偼丄戞堦儗儀儖偺忋尷抣傪懱撪偵庢傝擖傟偨幰偩偗偵愽嵼揑側寬峃偺婋尟偑偁傝丄宲懕揑側専嵏偺昁梫偑偁傞偑丄偦傟傕寛偟偰嵟崅搙偵怺崗偩偲偄偆傢偗偱偼側偔丄傑偟偰懠偺儗儀儖偵偍偄偰偼丄壗傜寬峃忋偺婋尟惈偼側偄偲偟偨(USACHPPM, 2000, pp. xxvii-xxviii)丅偙偺尋媶偺悇榑偼丄偨偲偊偽AEPI偑埶嫆偟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺70%偑僄傾儘僝儖壔偡傞偲偄偆1979擭偺幚尡偵傕偲偯偔悢抣傪丄1990擭偵峴傢傟偨暿偺幚尡偵傛傞10~37%偵廋惓偟丄偝傜偵偦偺僄傾儘僝儖偺拞偺60%~90%偩偗偑屇媧壜擻側戝偒偝偱偁傞偲偡傞嶌嬈傪傊偰丄惗傒弌偝傟偨(USACHPPM, 2000, pp. 52, 54)丅偙偺傛偆偵ACHPPM偼丄廬棃偺AEPI偺媍榑傪傕斲掕偟偰丄楎壔僂儔儞偺寬峃傊偺塭嬁傪嵟戝尷偵斲掕偟傛偆偲偟偨偺偱偁偭偨(USACHPPM, website, 乬Fact Sheet Depleted Uranium乭)丅側偍ACHPPM偑暷崙棨孯晬懏婡娭偱偁傝丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏幚尡傕峴傢傟偨傾僶僨傿乕儞帋尡応撪偵杮晹傪帩偮婡娭偱偁傞偙偲偐傜(USACHPPM, website, 乬About USACHPPM乭)丄偦偺曬崘撪梕偺怣溸惈偵偮偄偰丄巗柉抍懱側偳偐傜偼媈擮偑弌偝傟偰偄傞丅摿偵楎壔僂儔儞媧擖検偺悇掕偵栤戣偑偁傞偲巜揈偝傟偨(Fahey, 1999c)

崙杊憤徣偼丄乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿傊偺娭怱偑偍偝傑傜側偄偺傪庴偗偰丄偝傜偵RAND尋媶強偵埾戸偟偰丄楎壔僂儔儞偲偲傕偵丄壔妛丒惗暔愴憟梫場丄桘堜壩嵭丄嶦拵嵻丄僺儕僪僗僠僌儈儞丄僽儘儉僇儕丄梊杊愙庬丄姶愼徢丄僗僩儗僗偵娭偡傞暥專尋媶傪峴傢偣偨丅楎壔僂儔儞偵娭偡傞暥專尋媶偺曬崘彂偼丄1999擭偵岞昞偝傟偨丅RAND尋媶強偺孯帠曐寬惌嶔尋媶僙儞僞乕偲崙杊尋媶強偑嫟摨偱峴偭偨尋媶偼丄娭楢暥專傪徛椔偟偨屻丄傑偢曻幩擻偺塭嬁偵娭偟偰偼丄僂儔儞偺媧擖丒愛庢偑僈儞側偳偺堛妛揑塭嬁傪梌偊傞偲偟偨愭峴尋媶偼側偄偲巜揈偟丄偦傟偼恖懱偑懱撪偵庢傝崬傫偩僂儔儞傪攔煏偡傞桳岠側婡擻傪帩偭偰偄傞偐傜偩偲偟偨丅壢妛揑撆惈偵娭偟偰偼丄僂儔儞扵峼偱摥偔幰偵枛婜偺恡憻昦偼曬崘偝傟偰偄側偄偲偟丄傑偨戅栶孯恖堛椕僙儞僞乕偑攃埇偟偰偄傞楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偨婣娨暫偺挷嵏偱傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偑尨場偲巚傢傟傞恡憻傊偺塭嬁偼尒傜傟側偐偭偨偙偲傪弎傋偨(Harley, et al, pp. 69-71)

RAND尋媶強曬崘彂偼丄婔偮偐偺暘栰偱偺偝傜側傞尋媶偺昁梫惈傪巜揈偟偨丅傕偭偲傕曬崘彂偺嵟廔揑側寢榑偼丄師偺傛偆側傕偺偱偁偭偨丅乽楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偲憰峛偺巊梡偼丄暷崙偵偍偄偰丄偦偟偰懠偺彅崙偵偍偄偰丄崱屻悢擭偱旘桇揑偵奼戝偡傞偲巚傢傟傞丅偦傟備偊條乆側儗儀儖丒宎楬偐傜偺愙怗偱惗偠傞偐傕偟傟側偄愽嵼揑側寬峃傊偺婋尟惈偵娭偡傞抦幆傪峀偘傞偨傔丄尋媶傪懕偗傞偙偲偼廳梫偱偁傞丅乿(Harley, et al, p. 72)

偡偱偵巜揈偟偨傛偆偵丄偙偺庬偺尋媶偺嵟戝偺摿挜偼丄暫巑傊偺楎壔僂儔儞偺婋尟惈偵徟揰傪峣偭偰偍傝丄墭愼抧懷偺廧柉側偳傊偺娭怱傪帩偭偰偄側偄偙偲偱偁傞丅

側偍僟儞t傽乕僸乕偼丄儔僢僩偵楎壔僂儔儞傪拲擖偟偰丄偦偺塭嬁傪挷傋偨傾儗僋僒儞僪儔丒儈儔乕偺廳梫尋媶傪偼偠傔偲偡傞懡偔偺楎壔僂儔儞偺婋尟惈傪帵偡娭楢尋媶偑丄RAND尋媶強曬崘彂偑専摙偟偨暥專偐傜彍奜偝傟偰偄傞偙偲傪敪尒偟丄徻嵶側彍奜偝傟偨娭楢廳梫暥專儕僗僩傪嶌惉偟偰偄傞(Fahey, 1999c)

傗偼傝乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿傊偺懳墳偲偟偰丄戅栶孯恖徣偼丄堛妛嫤夛(Institute of Medicine: IOM)偵丄暥專挷嵏傪埾戸偟偨丅IOM偼丄摿暿埾堳夛傪嶌偭偰丄2000擭偵偦偺寢壥傪岞昞偟偨丅IOM埾堳夛偺尋媶偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偩偗偱偼側偔丄僒儕儞丄僺儕僪僗僠僌儈儞丄儚僋僠儞偺塭嬁傪挷傋傞傕偺偱偁偭偨丅IOM埾堳夛偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偵娭偡傞愭峴尋媶偑側偄偙偲傪棟桼偵丄僂儔儞峼嶳偱摥偄偨峼晇偵梌偊偨揤慠僂儔儞偺塭嬁傪嶲徠偟偨丅偨偩偟峼晇偵娭偡傞帒椏傕姰慡偱偼側偔丄晄妋掕梫慺偑懡偔夘嵼偟偰偄傞偺偱丄昁偢偟傕枮懌偱偒傞傕偺偱偼側偄偲偄偆丅埾堳夛偼偦偙偱丄傑偢攛僈儞偵娭偟偰丄懱撪偱拁愊偟偨曻幩慄検偵偟偰200儈儕僔乕儀儖僩(mSv)偁傞偄偼25僙儞僠僌儗僀(cGy)埲壓偺僂儔儞偑攛僈儞偲娭楢偟偰偄側偄偙偲傪帵偡尷掕揑丒帵嵈揑側徹嫆偑偁傞偑[9]丄偟偐偟娭楢惈偑慡偔側偄偲偄偆偙偲傪帵偡徹嫆偼廫暘偵偼側偄丄偲偟偨丅恡憻婡擻偵娭偟偰偼丄彮悢偺帠椺偑僂儔儞偲偺娭楢傪帵偡偑丄廫暘側僨乕僞偱偼側偄偲偟丄榩娸愴憟婣娨暫偺拞偵30.74兪g偺擜拞僂儔儞傪帵偟側偑傜惓忢側恡憻婡擻傪帩偭偰偄傞幰傕偄傞偙偲偐傜丄僂儔儞偲攛僈儞偲偑娭楢偟偰偄側偄偙偲傪帵偡尷掕揑丒帵嵈揑側徹嫆偑偁傞丄偲偩偗寢榑偯偗偨丅偦偟偰僂儔儞偺偦偺懠偺恖懱傊偺塭嬁偵娭偟偰偼丄壗傜偐偺寢榑傪摫偒弌偣傞帒椏偼側偄偲偩偗巜揈偟偨(Fulco, et al, 89-160)

傑偨IOM埾堳夛偼丄僒儕儞側偳偺懠偺梫慺偵娭偟偰傕丄幚嵺偵榩娸愴憟偱塭嬁傪傕偨傜偟偨偐偳偆偐傪抦傞偨傔偺帒椏偼傎偲傫偳側偄偲寢榑偯偗偨丅寢嬊丄埾堳夛偑嵟廔揑偵偨偳傝偮偄偨偺偼丄乽榩娸愴憟偺廳梫側嫵孭偺堦偮偼丄愴憟偵偍偄偰暫巑偵壗偑婲偙偭偨偐傪惓妋偵婰榐偡傞偙偲偺昁梫惈乿偱偁傝丄傑偨偝傜側傞榩娸婣娨暫偺寬峃忬懺偵娭偡傞挷嵏偱偁偭偨(Fulco, et al, pp. ix, 326-327)

嶰恖偺崙夛媍堳偐傜偺梫惪偵偙偨偊傞宍偱弌偝傟偨GAO2001擭偺曬崘彂偼丄庡偵RAND尋媶強偺曬崘彂偵埶嫆偟側偑傜丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偑寬峃偵壗傜偐偺塭嬁傪梌偊偨偲偼峫偊偵偔偄偲寢榑偯偗偨丅偨偩偟ACHPPM偑愭偵敪昞偟偰偄偨尋媶偱峴偭偨楎壔僂儔儞媧擖検偺悇掕側偳偼丄晄姰慡側晹暘偑偁傞偲偟偰丄斸敾揑偵庢傝埖偭偨丅偦偟偰93擭偵GAO偑嫮挷偟偨楎壔僂儔儞偵娭偡傞孭楙偺昁梫惈偼丄昁偢偟傕枮懌偺偄偔宍偱峀斖埻偵庴偗擖傟傜傟偰偄側偄偲傕巜揈偟偨(USGAO, 2000)

偙偺傛偆偵暷惌晎宯慻怐偼婔偮傕偺榩娸愴憟徢岓孮偵娭偡傞尋媶曬崘彂傪岞昞偟偨偑丄偦偺撪梕偼堦娧偟偰楎壔僂儔儞偺榩娸愴憟廬帠幰偵懳偡傞塭嬁傪帠幚忋斲掕偡傞傕偺偱偁偭偨丅

堦偮柧傜偐側偙偲偼丄暷惌晎宯偺尋媶偼丄偄偢傟傕帺崙偺暫巑傊偺楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偺搙崌偄偵偮偄偰偺傕偺偩偭偨偲偄偆偙偲偱偁傞丅崙楢側偳偺応偱丄暷塸惌晎偺戙昞偼丄僀儔僋惌晎戙昞偵傛傞楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偺慽偊傪丄壢妛揑偵崻嫆偺側偄傕偺偩偲偟偰斸敾偟偰偒偰偄傞丅妋偐偵楎壔僂儔儞偲僀儔僋偵偍偗傞幘昦偲偺寢傃偮偒傪丄壢妛揑偵廫暘側宍偱徹柧偟偨尋媶偼側偄偲尵偊傛偆丅偟偐偟暷惌晎宯偺尋媶偼丄偄偢傟傕300僩儞偺楎壔僂儔儞偑巆偝傟偨搚抧偵廧傓僀儔僋廧柉偺棫応偵偨偭偰峴傢傟偨傕偺偱偼側偐偭偨丅

偝傜偵帺崙偺榩娸愴憟廬帠幰偵懳偟偰傕丄僂儔儞峼嶳偺楯摥幰偵娭偡傞尷掕揑側尋媶傪嵟戝尷偵奼戝揔梡偡傞偺傒偱丄愴応偵偍偄偰幚愴巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偲偺忬嫷偺堘偄傪峫椂偟偰偄傞偲偼尵偊側偄丅愴応偺暫巑偺楎壔僂儔儞傊偺愙嬤搙傪儗儀儖暘偗偟偰傒傞偙偲偼丄婛懚偺尋媶偑憐掕偟側偐偭偨丄愴応偱偺楎壔僂儔儞偺忬嫷傪暘愅偡傞偙偲側偔偟偰偼丄堄枴傪側偝側偄偩傠偆丅偙傟偼怴偟偄幚抧挷嵏傪峴傢偢丄婛懚偺暥專偺嵞峔惉偵廔巒偟偨尋媶偺尷奅偩偭偨偲傕尵偊傞丅偟偐偟懡偔偺柉娫尋媶壠丒抍懱偑巜揈偡傞傛偆偵丄偦偺傛偆側暥專尋媶偱楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁偺桳柍傪抐尵揑偵弎傋傞偙偲偵偼丄栤戣偑巆偝傟傞偩傠偆丅

傑偨榩娸愴憟婣娨暫偵娭偟偰偼丄偁傞庬偺帇揰偺偹偠傟傪巜揈偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅惌晎婡娭偺僀僯僔傾僠僽偵傛傞乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿偵娭偡傞尋媶偼丄懡偔偺婣娨暫偑帩偮幘姵偺懚嵼傪慜採偵偟偰巒傔傜傟偨偼偢偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄乽僼僅儘乕傾僢僾寁夋乿偺専嵏懳徾偲側偭偰偄傞婣娨暫偵柧敀側楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偲巚傢傟傞徢忬偑尒傜傟側偄偙偲傪丄楎壔僂儔儞偵傛傞乽徢岓孮乿偺懚嵼偵懳偡傞斲掕揑徹嫆偲偟偰嶲徠偡傞偲偄偆丄偄偝偝偐嶖憥偟偨懺搙傪偲偭偰偄傞(ex. Harey, et al, pp. 50-52)丅偮傑傝婣娨暫偺乽徢岓孮乿偺慽偊偵墳偠偰挷嵏傪巒傔偰偄傞偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄偄傢偽婣娨暫偺娫偺乽徢岓孮乿偺晄嵼傪棟桼偵偟偰丄楎壔僂儔儞偑乽徢岓孮乿偺尨場偱偼側偄偲抐掕偟偰偄傞偺偱偁傞丅偙傟偼惌晎宯偺挷嵏偑丄尰幚偵幘姵傪慽偊偰偄傞姵幰偵懳墳偡傞宍偱偱偼側偔丄崙杊憤徣丒戅栶孯恖徣偑楎壔僂儔儞旐奞傪庴偗偨偲擣掕偟偨幰偵偩偗峴傢傟偨岞幃偺専嵏偩偗傪庢傝忋偘偰丄恑傔傜傟偨偙偲偵傛傞丅偨偲偊偽僕儍乕僫儕僗僩側偳偵傛傞庢嵽偑丄幘姵傪慽偊偰偄傞屄恖偵懳偟偰丄乽愴応僣傾乕乿側偳傪捠偠偰偺楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偺壜擻惈偑偁偭偨偙偲傪妋偐傔偰偄傞偺偲偼丄懳徠揑側庤朄偱偁傞乮拞崙怴暦乯丅

抐曅揑側幚尡幒偺僨乕僞偐傜堷偒弌偡悇榑傪愊傒廳偹偰寢榑晅偗傪峴偆惌晎宯偺尋媶偵懳偟偰丄僼傽乕僸乕偺傛偆側柉娫尋媶幰偑丄楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偰幘姵傪慽偊偰偄傞幰偺屄暿揑側宱尡傪丄楎壔僂儔儞尋媶偵庢傝擖傟傛偆偲偟偰偄傞偺偼丄拲栚偡傋偒偩傠偆(Fahey, 1998)

 

俁亅係丂僶儖僇儞暣憟屻

 

1995擭偺儃僗僯傾丒僿儖僣僃僑價僫偲1999擭偺僐僜儃偱偺暣憟偵偍偄偰梡偄傜傟偨楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼丄儓乕儘僢僷偺恖乆偵楎壔僂儔儞栤戣偺懚嵼傪峀偔抦傜偟傔傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅側偤側傜榩娸愴憟婣娨暫偺応崌偲摨偠傛偆偵丄儃僗僯傾挀棷PKO偍傛傃僐僜儃挀棷PKO晹戉偺婣娨暫偺拞偐傜丄恎懱偺堎忢傪慽偊傞幰偑懡偔尰傟偨偐傜偱偁傞丅偙傟偼乽僶儖僇儞徢岓孮乿偲屇偽傟偰丄乽榩娸愴憟徢岓孮乿偺応崌偲摨偠傛偆偵丄楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁偑怱攝偝傟偨丅

摿偵1999擭偺僐僜儃嬻敋偺嵺偵偼丄暣憟拞偐傜恖尃NGO側偳偑楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼崙嵺恖摴朄堘斀偺媈偄偑偁傞偲媻抏偟偰偄偨丅暣憟摉帠崙偱偁偭偨儐乕僑僗儔價傾懁傕娭怱傪帩偭偰偄偨偙偲偐傜丄崙楢傕憗偔偐傜摦偒弌偟偨丅寢壥偲偟偰嶌惉偝傟偨偺偑丄UNEP偵傛傞丄僐僜儃偵娭偡傞1999擭偲2001擭偺擇偮偺曬崘彂丄偦偟偰僙儖價傾丒儌儞僥僱僌儘偵娭偡傞2002擭曬崘彂偱偁傞丅僶儖僇儞敿搰偵娭偡傞挷嵏偱偼嵟傕廳梫偲峫偊傜傟傞儃僗僯傾丒僿儖僣僃僑價傾偵娭偡傞挷嵏曬崘彂偼丄2003擭偵岞昞偝傟傞梊掕偱偁傞丅

UNEP僶儖僇儞嶌嬈晹戉(Balkan Task Force)199910寧偵岞昞偟偨曬崘彂偼丄NATO懁偐傜楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑梡偄傜傟偨偲偺岞幃偺敪昞偑側偄抜奒偱側偝傟偨挷嵏偺寢壥偱偁偭偨丅偦偺偨傔19998寧偵側偝傟偨尰抧挷嵏偑丄壗偺寢壥傕惗傒弌偝側偐偭偨偙偲偑曬崘偝傟偰偍傝丄怴偨側忣曬偺採嫙偑側偝傟側偄尷傝偝傜側傞挷嵏偼堄枴傪側偝側偄偲偺寢榑偱寢偽傟偨(UNEP, 1999)

199910寧偵崙楢帠柋憤挿僐僼傿丒傾僫儞偼丄NATO偵懳偟偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵娭偡傞忣曬傪採帵偡傞傛偆偵梫惪偟偨偑丄偦傟偵墳偠偰NATO20002寧偵丄弶傔偰岞幃偵僐僜儃暣憟拞偵楎壔僂儔儞朇抏傪梡偄偨偙偲傪擣傔丄巊梡忬嫷偵娭偡傞堦斒揑側忣曬傪採帵偟偨丅偙偺忣曬偑廫暘偱偼側偐偭偨偨傔丄崙楢帠柋憤挿偼偝傜側傞梫惪傪弌偟丄偦傟偵墳偠偰NATO偼丄20007寧偵楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑巊傢傟偨112偺抧揰傪抧恾偱帵偟偨丅偙傟偵傛偭偰壜擻偲側偭偨怴偟偄尰抧挷嵏偼丄200011寧偵丄11偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏栚昗抧揰偵偍偄偰幚巤偝傟偨丅偦偺挷嵏寢壥傪曬崘偟偨偺偑丄2001擭曬崘彂偱偁傞(UNEP, 2001, pp. 8-9)

11柤偺愱栧壠偑峔惉偟偨挷嵏僠乕儉偼丄11偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡応強偱48偺崅偄曻幩擻傪専弌偱偒傞墭愼抧揰傪敪尒偟丄7.5屄偺巆棷娧捠懱偲丄6偮偺娧捠懱僕儍働僢僩傪敪尒偟偨丅偩偑偦傟埲奜偺応強偱偼墭愼傪妋擣偟側偐偭偨(UNEP, 2001, p. 26)丅傑偨晅嬤偺悈傗壠抺傕挷傋傜傟偨偑丄墭愼偼妋擣偝傟側偐偭偨丅側偍偙傟傜偺応強偱敪幩偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺悢偼丄8,112敪偲悇掕偝傟偰偄傞丅

 

11UNEP僐僜儃挷嵏僠乕儉偑挷嵏傪峴偭偨応強乮仯報乯(UNEP, 2001, p. 23)

 

楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑巊梡偝傟偨応強傪摿掕偟偨忋偱丄廃埻偺娐嫬傑偱娷傔偨楎壔僂儔儞墭愼偑杮奿揑偵挷嵏偝傟偨偺偼丄偙傟偑弶傔偰偱偁偭偨丅偙傟偵傛偭偰丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪抧揰傗娧捠懱偺巆棷抧揰晅嬤偵偼堦擭敿偑宱夁偟偨帪揰偱傕墭愼偑妋擣偝傟傞偙偲丄偟偐偟偦傟偼嬊強揑側墭愼偵尷掕偝傟傞偙偲偑敾柧偟偨丅偙傟傜偺揰傪柧傜偐偵偟偨偲偄偆堄枴偱丄UNEP偺挷嵏偼壙抣偁傞傕偺偱偁偭偨丅偟偐偟堦曽偵偍偄偰丄乽奼嶶偺捈屻偺僂儔儞偺暘嶶忬嫷傪妋擣偡傞偨傔偵偼桳塿偩偑丄僂儔儞偺挿婜揑側摦偒偲奼嶶偵偮偄偰偼傎偲傫偳壗偺忣曬傕傕偨傜偝側偄乿傕偺偱傕偁偭偨(WHO, 6.1.2)

UNEP200110寧偐傜11寧偵偐偗偰僙儖價傾偲儌儞僥僱僌儘偱傕丄摨條偺挷嵏傪峴偭偨丅偦傟偵傛偭偰UNEP偼丄戞堦偵丄挷嵏懳徾偲偟偨榋偮偺抧揰偺偆偪偺屲偮偵偍偄偰丄搚忞偐傜掅儗儀儖曻幩慄傪専弌偟偨丅偙傟偼暣憟拞偵丄楎壔僂儔儞偑奼嶶曻弌偝傟偨偙偲傪堄枴偡傞丅戞擇偵丄敪尒偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偼10%15亾偑晠怘偟偰偄偨丅偙偺偙偲偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偺抧壓悈傊偺怹擖偺壜擻惈傪帵嵈偡傞丅戞嶰偵丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偵傛偭偰攋夡偝傟偨孯梡幵椉偐傜偼丄掅偄儗儀儖偺墭愼偟偐敪尒偝傟側偐偭偨丅戞巐偵丄抧壓悈丒堸椏悈偐傜偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偼専弌偝傟側偐偭偨丅偟偐偟彨棃偵傢偨偭偰丄墭愼偼寈夲偟懕偗側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅戞屲偵丄UNEP偼嬻婥偺墭愼傪挷傋傞偙偲偑偱偒傞傛偆偵側偭偨偑丄偦偺寢壥丄榋偮偺応強偺偆偪擇偮偱丄嬻婥拞偵楎壔僂儔儞旝棻巕偑専弌偝傟偨丅

偦偺懠丄UNEP偼偝傜偵丄儐乕僑僗儔價傾惌晎偑丄揔愗偵墭愼抧堟傪棫偪擖傝嬛巭偲偟偰懳墳偟偰偄傞偙偲丄NATO偑峌寕抧揰偲偟偰帵偝側偐偭偨偑儐乕僑僗儔價傾惌晎偺埬撪偵偟偨偑偭偰挷傋偨偲偙傠NATO偑巊梡偟偨偺偲摨偠娧捠懱偑敪尒偝傟偨応強偑堦偮偁偭偨偙偲丄儌儞僥僱僌儘惌晎偑墭愼抧懷偱嶌嬈傪偝偣偨11柤偺偆偪6柤偵愼怓懱曄壔偑婲偙偭偨偑丄WHO偵挷嵏傪埶棅偟偨偲偙傠丄楎壔僂儔儞偲偺娭楢偼擣傔傜傟側偐偭偨偙偲丄儌儞僥僱僌儘惌晎偑墭愼彍嫀嶌嬈傪峴偭偨屻偺応強偱丄埶慠偲偟偰掅儗儀儖偺楎壔僂儔儞偑専弌偝傟偨偙偲丄側偳傪曬崘偟偨丅

 

12丂晠怘偟偨楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱(UNEP, 2002, p. 26)

 

13NATO偑曬崘偟側偐偭偨楎壔僂儔儞墭愼抧揰乮儐乕僑僗儔價傾惌晎偵傛偭偰嶒偑挘傜傟偰偄傞乯(UNEP, 2002, p. 38)

 

寢榑偲偟偰偼丄捈愙揑偵恖懱偵婋奞傪梌偊傞墭愼偼敪尒偝傟側偐偭偨丅偟偐偟挷嵏偑暣憟偺擇擭埲忋屻偵峴傢傟偨傕偺偱偁傞偙偲傕峫椂偝傟偹偽側傜偢丄彨棃偺抧壓悈墭愼偺壜擻惈側偳丄婔偮偐偺寈夲帠崁傕妋擣偝傟偨(UNEP, 2002, pp. 8-10)

側偍UNEP20023寧偵儃僗僯傾亖僿儖僣僃僑價僫偱偺幚抧挷嵏偺寢壥傪岞昞偡傞梊掕偵偟偰偍傝丄偝傜側傞敪尒偑婜懸偝傟傞丅傑偨UNEP偼僋僂僃乕僩偱傕幚抧挷嵏傪峴偭偰偍傝丄偦偺惉壥偺岞昞傕懸偪朷傑傟傞丅

惓幃側曬崘彂偺敪昞偵愭棫偭偰棳偝傟偨崙楢偺僯儏乕僗偵傛傟偽丄儃僗僯傾偱偺UNEP挷嵏偱偼丄挷嵏懳徾偲側偭偨14儢強偺偆偪3儢強偐傜曻幩擻墭愼傗丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺攋曅偑敪尒偝傟偨丅偡偱偵彜嬈梡價儖偲偟偰丄偁傞偄偼孯帠巤愝偲偟偰棙梡偝傟偰偄傞巤愝撪晹偐傜傕丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺攋曅傗曻幩擻墭愼偑専弌偝傟偨偲偄偆(UN News, 2002, Nov. 12)UNEP偼丄専弌偝傟偨曻幩慄検偼埶慠偲偟偰掅儗儀儖偩偲偼偄偊丄揔愗側懳張偺昁梫惈偑偁傞偲嫮挷偟偰偄傞(UN News, 2002, Nov. 14)

偙偙傑偱崙楢婡娭偵傛傞暣憟屻僶儖僇儞敿搰偺挷嵏偵偮偄偰傆傟偰偒偨偑丄偦偺懠偵丄懱宯揑側尋媶偲偼偄偊側偄偑婔偮偐偺儐乕僑僗儔價傾偺壢妛幰偨偪偵傛傞楎壔僂儔儞偺尋媶傕恑傫偱偄傞丅偦傟傜偼偄偢傟傕楎壔僂儔儞偺婋尟惈傪慽偊丄NATO偺楎壔僂儔儞巊梡傪崙嵺朄堘斀偲偟偰旕擄偡傞榑挷偵側偭偰偄傞(Ristic, et al, CADU, website, News 4)

墷廈彅崙偱偼丄僐僜儃暣憟偺屻偵楎壔僂儔儞偵懳偡傞娭怱偑偝傜偵崅傑偭偨偑丄塸崙偱偼丄墹棫妛巑堾(The Royal Society)偑愱栧壠埾堳夛傪愝抲偟偰楎壔僂儔儞偺尋媶偵偁偨傝丄偦偺惉壥偺戞堦晹偑20015寧偵丄戞擇晹偑20023寧偵岞昞偝傟偨丅墹棫妛巑堾偺尋媶偼丄榩娸愴憟婣娨暫傗僶儖僇儞敿搰PKO廬帠幰偩偗偱偼側偔丄堦斒廧柉傕堦墳帇栰偵擖傟偰偄傞丅偨偩偟幚嵺偵偼丄榩娸愴憟徢岓孮偵偮偄偰偺暷崙偱偺惌晎婡娭宯偺愭峴尋媶偺媍榑傪嶲徠偟丄ACHPPM偺尋媶偺庤朄傪摜廝偟偰偄傞怓嵤傕嫮偔丄僀儔僋廧柉側偳傪堄幆偟偨婰弎偼偁傑傝尒傜傟側偄丅

墹棫妛巑堾偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偑傕偨傜偟偆傞婋尟惈偲丄暣憟偱梡偄傜傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偑帩偪偆傞婋尟惈偲傪専摙偟丄傑偢嬌抂側忬嫷傪彍偗偽丄楎壔僂儔儞偑僈儞側偳偺抳巰棪偺崅偄昦婥傪婲偙偡偙偲偼峫偊偵偔偄偲偟偨丅偨偩偟楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵傛偭偰峌寕偝傟偨暫婍偺忔慻堳傗丄墭愼偝傟偨暫巑側偳偺乽嬌抂側忬嫷乿偵偍偄偰偼丄攛僈儞傪婲偙偡壜擻惈偼擇攞偵側傞偲偄偆丅偩偑偦傟偱傕楎壔僂儔儞偵傛傞敀寣昦傗懠偺僈儞傊偺塭嬁偼丄旕忢偵彮側偄丅楎壔僂儔儞偑恡憻偵塭嬁傪媦傏偡偙偲偼峫偊傜傟傞偑丄偦傟傕傑偨嬌抂側忬嫷偵偍偄偰偺傒丄尰幚揑偵峫偊傜傟傞偲偄偆丅墹棫妛巑堾偼丄墭愼抧堟偺廧柉傊偺塭嬁偵偮偄偰娭怱傪帵偡偑丄忣曬偺寚擛傪棟桼偵偟偰丄懱宯揑偵榑偠傞偙偲偼旔偗偨(Royal Society, 2001, 2002)

墹棫妛巑堾偺尋媶偵偮偄偰偼丄偡偱偵曬崘彂岞昞慜偐傜丄斀楎壔僂儔儞抍懱偑夰媈揑側帇揰傪憲偭偰偄偨丅側偤側傜曬崘彂嶌惉儊儞僶乕偺拞妀偼丄楎壔僂儔儞棙梡偵棙塿傪帩偮妀嶻嬈偲怺偔寢傃偮偄偰偄傞壢妛幰偨偪偱愯傔傜傟偰偄偨偐傜偱偁傞丅偟偐傕寢壥揑偵偼婋湝偟偨捠傝丄墹棫妛巑堾偺尋媶偵偼壗傜撈帺偺挷嵏偑娷傑傟偰偍傜偢丄暷惌晎宯尋媶強偑梡偄偨婛懚偺暥專偵埶嫆偡傞怓嵤偑嫮偐偭偨(CADU, website, News 3, 7, 8)丅傑偨掅儗儀儖曻幩擻僉儍儞儁乕儞(LLRC)偲偄偆抍懱偼丄僠僃儖僲僽僀儕尨敪帠屘偑傕偨傜偟偨掅儗儀儖曻幩擻偺塭嬁偵娭偡傞妛弍榑暥側偳丄堎側偭偨曽岦偵寢傃偮偔傛偆側暥專傪丄墹棫妛巑堾偑柍帇偟偰偄傞偲巜揈偟偰丄斸敾偟偰偄傞(LLRC, 乬Royal Society DU Report乭)

側偍偙偺墹棫妛巑堾偺姪崘偵傕偲偯偄偰丄塸崙杊徣偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偺恖懱傊偺埆塭嬁傪擣傔偨傢偗偱偼側偄偲弎傋偮偮丄怴偨側挷嵏傪巒傔傞偙偲傪敪昞偟偨丅

 

俁亅俆丂崙嵺揑尋媶偺崅傑傝

 

1999擭屻敿偵側偭偰丄崙嵺揑側楎壔僂儔儞栤戣傊偺娭怱偺崅傑傝傪庴偗偰丄WHO偺恖揑娐嫬曐岇嬊偼丄楎壔僂儔儞栤戣偺尋媶偵偺傝偩偡偙偲偵側偭偨丅WHO偼丄塸崙抧幙妛挷嵏強(British Geological Survey)偺僶儕乕丒僗儈僗嫵庼偲宊栺傪寢傃丄暥專尋媶曬崘彂傪嶌惉偡傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅UNEP傗崙嵺尨巕椡婡娭(International Atomic Energy Agency: IAEA)側偳偲楢実偟丄偝傜偵昡壙埾堳夛偺嵏撉傪傊偰岞昞偝傟偨偺偑丄20014寧偺曬崘彂偱偁傞丅

WHO曬崘彂偺摿挜偼丄尃埿偁傞崙嵺揑堛妛愱栧慻怐偑丄奺崙惌晎偺堄岦偐傜偼撈棫偟偨宍偱尋媶偟偨惉壥傪岞昞偟偨揰偵偁傞丅昁偢偟傕楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偺惀旕偵偐偐傢傜側偄棫応偐傜丄夁嫀偵側偝傟偨尋媶偺栤戣揰傕巜揈偟偰偄偔庤朄偼丄娊寎偡傋偒傕偺偩傠偆丅岞廜塹惗暘栰偱偺幚愌偑偁傞慻怐偺曬崘彂偱偁傞偩偗偵丄楎壔僂儔儞墭愼偺嫲傟偑偁傞抧堟偱偲傜傟傞傋偒慬抲側偳傪楍嫇偟偨晹暘傕偁傝乮WHO, 13.3乯丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡崙惌晎傗柉娫尋媶幰偲偼堘偭偨帇揰偱峷專偟偰偄傞偲昡壙偱偒傞偩傠偆丅

偟偐偟2001擭曬崘彂偼尰抧挷嵏傪偲傕側偭偨傕偺偱偼側偔丄堦斒榑偲偟偰偺悇榑偺採帵偵偲偳傑偭偰偄偨丅偟偨偑偭偰懡妏揑側帇揰偐傜楎壔僂儔儞偺婋尟惈偵偮偄偰専摙偟偨傕偺偱偼偁傞偑丄嬶懱揑側忬嫷傪憐掕偟偨楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偺暘愅偵偼摜傒崬傑側偄傕偺偱偁偭偨丅偦傟偼WHO偑丄暥專挷嵏偲昡壙丄尰抧挷嵏偲暘愅丄屄暿偺応強偵墳偠偨徻嵶側墭愼擣掕丄偺嶰抜奒偺嶌嬈傪弴偵側偡傋偒偩偲峫偊傞偐傜偱偁偭偨(WHO, 6.4)丅傕偲傕偲2001擭曬崘彂偼偦偺戞堦抜奒偺惉壥偱偟偐側偄丅偟偨偑偭偰2001擭曬崘彂偺屻偵尰抧挷嵏偑懕偔偺偩偑丄幚嵺偵WHO偼偡偱偵僀儔僋偵偍偄偰尰抧挷嵏傪峴偭偰偍傝丄壢妛揑側尋媶惉壥偺曬崘偵婜懸偑偐偐傞丅

WHO偵偼峔惉崙偐傜偺惌帯揑埑椡偵壛偊偰丄IAEA偲偺撽挘傝娭學偑偁傝丄曻幩惈暔幙偺栤戣偵娭偟偰帺桼偵敪尵偱偒側偄惂栺偑偁傞偲傕尵傢傟傞偙偲傕偁傞丅WHO偑偳偙傑偱恀偵撈棫偟偨挷嵏偵傕偲偯偄偨尋媶曬崘傪峴偊傞偐偼丄崱屻偺曬崘彂偺拞偱柧傜偐偵側傞偩傠偆丅

 

俁亅俇丂崙楢偺懳墳

 

1995擭偵僀儔僋惌晎偼丄崙楢恖尃埾堳夛偵丄榩娸愴憟偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡偵偮偄偰曬崘偟偨丅偝傜偵1996擭偵偼丄僀儔僋惌晎偼丄崙楢恖尃僙儞僞乕偵埗偰偰丄楎壔僂儔儞偺旐奞偵娭偡傞妎彂傪採弌偟偨丅偦傟偵傛傟偽丄僀儔僋偺愱栧壠僠乕儉偑丄攋夡偝傟偨憰峛幵椉偦偺懠偺婡摦幵椉偵偮偄偰曻幩擻偺應掕偲挷嵏傪峴偭偨丅偝傜偵墭愼儗儀儖偺應掕偺偨傔偵丄儖儊僀儔杒晹抧堟傗傾儖僞僂傿偍傛傃崙嫬抧懷丄側傜傃偵旕晲憰壔抧懷偱搚忞偺帋椏傪嵦庢偟丄暘岝暘愅偟偨丅偦偺寢壥丄帋椏偺婔偮偐偑崅偄曻幩擻傪帵偟丄偝傜偵僂儔儞238偺崅擹搙偺墭愼偑敾柧偟偨偲偄偆丅傑偨暿偺堛妛尋媶婡娭丒壢妛尋媶婡娭偺愱栧壠僠乕儉偼丄寣塼僈儞丄攛僈儞丄徚壔婍宯偺僈儞丄旂晢僈儞側偳偺敪惗棪偺堎忢側憹壛丄憻婍丄悈摢徢丄柍擼徢丄娽壢幘昦丄栚偺姰慡側寚擛傗婏宍側偳偺堎忢側敪惗丄愭揤惈幘昦傗戀惗婏宍偺敪惗棪偺堎忢側憹壛傪妋擣偟偨偲偄偆丅偝傜偵偼崪奿堎忢丄愭揤揑徢岓孮傗僟僂儞徢岓孮傪帩偮憃巕偺敪惗帠椺丄扙栄傗旂晢昦丄懡敪惈丒廳搙偺傔傑偄傗揻偒婥丄帇栰備偑傒傗寖偟偄曃摢捝傪敽偆帇栰嫹嶓丄尨場晄柧偺惗怋晄擻丄棳嶻丄憗嶻丄擄嶻偺帠椺偑憹壛偟偨偲偄偆(Republic of Iraq, 1996, pp. 175-176)

19968寧偺崙楢嵎暿杊巭媦傃彮悢幰曐岇偵娭偡傞彫埾堳夛(UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities)偱偼丄塸崙偺僋儗傾丒僷儗僀偺僀僯僔傾僠僽偵傛傝丄塸崙丄僀儞僪丄僠儕丄僊儕僔傾丄儖乕儅僯傾丄僫僀僕僃儕傾丄儌儘僢僐丄僄僠僆僺傾偺彫埾堳夛儊儞僶乕偵傛偭偰採弌偝傟偨丄楎壔僂儔儞偦偺懠堦掕偺暫婍偺嬛巭傪媮傔傞寛媍(E/CN.4/SUB.2/RES/1996/16)偑丄巀惉15丄斀懳1丄婞尃8偱丄嵦戰偝傟偨丅斀懳偟偨偺偼丄傾儊儕僇1崙偩偗偱偁偭偨丅偦偺撪梕偼丄乽崙楢寷復偺彅尨懃側傜傃偵悽奅恖尃愰尵丄崙嵺恖尃婯栺丄1979812擔偺僕儏僱乕償忦栺偍傛傃偦偺捛壛媍掕彂乿側傜傃偵1987擭憤夛寛媍(42/99)1988擭憤夛寛媍(43/111)傪崻嫆偲偟偮偮丄乽戝検攋夡偍傛傃柍嵎暿揑岠壥傪帩偮暫婍丄偲傝傢偗妀暫婍丄壔妛暫婍丄婥壔敋抏丄僫僷乕儉抏丄僋儔僗僞乕敋抏丄惗暔暫婍偍傛傃楎壔僂儔儞傪娷傓暫婍偺惢憿偲奼嶶傪梷惂偡傞昁梫惈乿傪巜揈偟丄偙傟傜偺暫婍偵娭偡傞忣曬傪廂廤偡傋偒偙偲傪寛媍偡傞傕偺偱偁偭偨(UN Sub-Commission)

僀儔僋戙昞偺埾堳偼偦偺屻傕堦娧偟偰楎壔僂儔儞旐奞傪恖尃怤奞偲偟偰慽偊懕偗丄壢妛揑側棤偯偗偑側偄偲偡傞暷塸戙昞偺埾堳偲懳棫偟偨丅傑偨僇儗儞丒僷乕僇乕傜傪拞怱偲偡傞崙嵺嫵堢奐敪恖摴朄僾儘僕僃僋僩(International Education Development/ Humanitarian Law Project: IED/ HLP)偼丄彫埾堳夛偱枅擭偺傛偆偵敪尵偟丄楎壔僂儔儞栤戣傪庢傝忋偘偨(Parker, pp. 6-7)

1997擭偵彫埾堳夛偼丄寛媍1996/16傪庴偗偰丄Clemencia Forero Ucros乮僐儘儞價傾戙昞乯偵娭楢撪梕偺嶌嬈暥彂傪嶌惉偡傞傛偆偵媮傔偨(E/CN.4/SUB.2/RES/1997/36)丅偟偐偟Ucros偼嶌嬈暥彂傪採弌偣偢丄偟偐傕1998擭丄1999擭偲懕偗偰彫埾堳夛傪寚惾偟偨丅寢嬊Ucros偼嶌嬈暥彂傪嶌惉偡傞偙偲偑偱偒偢丄偙偺栶栚傪帿戅偟偨乮暷崙偐傜偺埑椡偑偐偐偭偨偲偺塡偼愨偊側偄[CADU, website, News 8]乯丅

1999擭偵恖尃懀恑梚岇彫埾堳夛(UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights)偲柤徧傪曄偊偨偙偺彫埾堳夛偼丄2001擭偵偁傜偨偵Y. Sik Yuen乮儌乕儕僔儍僗戙昞乯偵丄乽戝検攋夡暫婍偁傞偄偼丄柍嵎暿揑塭嬁丄偁傞偄偼夁忚側彎奞傗晄昁梫側嬯捝傪婲偙偡惈幙傪帩偮丄楎壔僂儔儞傪帩偮暫婍傪娷傓暫婍偺丄幚尡惗嶻丄挋憼丄堏揮丄枾桝丄偁傞偄偼巊梡偺丄恖尃偺岠壥揑嫕庴偵懳偟偰帩偮尰幚揑偍傛傃愽嵼揑婋尟惈偵娭偡傞尋媶偺幚梡惈丄斖埻丄峔惉傪昡壙偡傞嶌嬈暥彂乿傪嶌惉偡傞傛偆偵梫惪偟偨(E/CN.4/SUB.2/DEC/2001/119)丅楎壔僂儔儞偼捠忢暫婍偱偁傞偲偺棟桼偱丄嶍彍傪媮傔傞堄尒傕弌偨偑丄巀惉3丄斀懳14丄婞尃4偱丄斲寛偝傟丄嶌嬈暥彂嶌惉偼丄巀惉21丄斀懳2偱寛掕偝傟偨丅2002擭偵彫埾堳夛偼丄採弌偝傟偨嶌嬈暥彂(E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/38)傪傕偲偵偟偰丄2003擭偺夛婜傑偱偵丄嶌嬈暥彂偺奼戝丒夵掕斉傪採弌偡傞傛偆偵媮傔偨(E/CN.4/SUB.2/DEC/2002/113)

側偍2001擭偺崙楢憤夛偵偍偄偰丄崙楢庡摫偺楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偺挷嵏偵娭偡傞僀儔僋偺採埬偑丄巀惉45丄斀懳54丄婞尃45偱斲寛偝傟偨丅偦偺攚宨偵偼丄暷崙側偳偵傛傞懠偺壛柨崙偵懳偡傞嫮偄摥偒偐偗偑偁偭偨偲尵傢傟傞丅偙偺憤夛寛媍偺斲寛偼丄WHO偍傛傃恖尃懀恑梚岇彫埾堳夛偺挷嵏曬崘偵捈愙塭嬁偡傞傕偺偱偼側偄丅偟偐偟2001911擔偺僥儘埲崀丄僀儔僋偵懳偡傞孯帠峴摦偺壜擻惈傪専摙偟巒傔偨暷崙僽僢僔儏惌尃偑丄榩娸愴憟帪偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍栤戣偵娭偡傞挷嵏偵偮偄偰丄偄偐側傞忳曕傕偟偊側偄偙偲傪帵偟偨弌棃帠偱偁偭偨丅

 

俁亅俈丂崙嵺夛媍

 

楎壔僂儔儞偵偮偄偰偼丄壢妛幰側偳偺妛弍愱栧壠偑崙嵺夛媍偱媍榑傪傇偮偗偁偆偲偄偆婡夛偼丄偁傑傝愝偗傜傟偰偄側偄傛偆偱偁傞丅偟偐偟拝栚偡傋偒椺奜偺堦偮偼丄199911寧偵暷崙儊儕乕儔儞僪廈偱奐偐傟偨乽掅儗儀儖曻幩慄彎奞偲堛椕懳張乿偵娭偡傞崙嵺夛媍偱偁傠偆丅偦偙偱偼偨偲偊偽AFRRI偺尋媶堳偑丄儔僢僩偵懳偡傞楎壔僂儔儞搳梌偺幚尡寢壥傪曬崘偟偨傝偟偨丅偦傟偵傛傞偲戝敿偺楎壔僂儔儞偑懱撪偐傜攔弌偝傟偨偑丄恡憻偲崪傪拞怱偵偟偰懱撪偵傕巆懚偡傞偙偲偑傢偐偭偨偲偄偆丅傑偨楎壔僂儔儞偑曣懱偺戀斦傪捠偠偰戀帣偺懱偵拁愊偡傞偙偲傕丄娤嶡偝傟偨丅偦偟偰楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁偲偟偰偼丄懱廳尭彮傗恄宱擣幆忋偺栤戣側偳偑娤嶡偝傟偨丅偝傜偵楎壔僂儔儞偑嵶朎曄壔傪堷偒婲偙偟偰丄敪僈儞嶌梡傪傕偨傜偡偙偲傕娤嶡偝傟偨丅楎壔僂儔儞偼丄抁婜揑偵偼壔妛揑撆惈傪丄挿婜揑偵偼曻幩惈撆惈偲壔妛揑撆惈偺憃曽傪敪婗偡傞偲偄偆(Fahey, 1999c)

199812寧偵偼丄僀儔僋偺僶僋僟僢僪偱愱栧壠夛媍偑奐偐傟偨偑丄偙傟偵偼僀儔僋偺壢妛幰偩偗偱偼側偔丄僟儅僔僆崈y僗巵傗丄斀楎壔僂儔儞塣摦傪揥奐偟偰偒偰偄傞暷崙傪嫆揰偲偡傞NGO偱偁傞崙嵺峴摦僙儞僞乕(International Action Center)偺儔儉僛乕丒僋儔乕僋巵傜偑嶲壛偟丄暷崙偲僀儔僋偲偱楎壔僂儔儞偵娭怱傪帩偮恖乆偺岎棳偑側偝傟偨丅

19997寧偵儘儞僪儞偱奐偐傟偨乽僀儔僋偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞偲僈儞偵偮偄偰偺堄尒乿偲戣偝傟偨夛媍偱偼丄僶僌僟僢僪戝妛偺儌僫丒僇儅僗嫵庼傜偑丄榩娸愴憟屻偺僀儔僋偵偍偗傞僈儞姵幰偺憹壛偵偮偄偰曬崘偟偨丅傑偨愭揤惈堎忢偺怴惗帣偺弌惗偑嵺棫偭偰憹偊偨偙偲傕曬崘偝傟偨丅摿偵僟僂儞徢岓孮偼丄嶰攞偵憹偊偨偲偄偆(Ryle, pp. 2-3)

側偍僶僌僟僢僪偱偼丄20023寧偵傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偵娭偡傞崙嵺夛媍偑奐偐傟偨丅偦偙偱偼帣摱僈儞敪惗棪偑丄榩娸愴憟傪偼偝傫偱1枩恖暘偺4恖偐傜11恖偵曄壔偟偨偙偲丄怴惗帣偺愭揤惈堎忢偑4攞偵側偭偨偙偲側偳偑曬崘偝傟偨偲偄偆(CADU, website, News 10; Pandra Project, DU Info Bulletin No. 44)

愱栧壠夛媍偱偼側偔丄NGO側偳偵偐偐傢傞柉娫偺峀偄堄枴偱偺尋媶幰偨偪偑廤偆崙嵺夛媍傕丄婔偮偐奐嵜偝傟偨丅墷暷偺NGO偑拞怱偵側偭偰奐嵜偝傟偨夛媍偲偟偰偼丄斀楎壔僂儔儞僉儍儞儁乕儞(Campaign against Depleted Uranium: CADU)偑庡嵜幰偲側偭偰丄20001145擔偵塸崙儅儞僠僃僗僞乕偱奐偐傟偨斀楎壔僂儔儞夛媍偑偁傞丅壢妛幰丄戅栶孯恖丄妶摦壠傜栺200柤偑嶲壛偟丄擔杮偐傜傕楎壔僂儔儞尋媶夛偺儊儞僶乕偑嶲壛偟偨丅暷塸偺傒側傜偢丄僀儔僋傗儐乕僑僗儔價傾偐傜傕丄楎壔僂儔儞偵寈忇傪柭傜偡壢妛幰偑嶲壛偟偨丅傑偨暷惌晎偺挷嵏懳徾偵偼側傜側偄偑丄榩娸愴憟徢岓孮偵嬯偟傓懡偔偺婣娨暫偐傜偺曬崘傕偁偭偨偲偄偆丅崙嵺朄妛幰偺曬崘偱偼丄婛懚偺崙嵺朄偱廫暘偲偺擣幆偐傜丄楎壔僂儔儞傪嬛巭偡傞怴偟偄忦栺偺惂掕偺昁梫惈傪斲掕偡傞僇儗儞丒僷乕僇乕曎岇巑偲丄壢妛揑徹柧偑崲擄偱偁傞偩偗偵丄忦栺偼昁梫偩偲偡傞傾儖價儖丒儅僋僪僫儖僪偲偺尒夝偑懳棫偟偨偲偄偆乮楎壔僂儔儞尋媶夛丄戞2崋乯丅

摨偠寧偺2526擔偵偼丄僗儁僀儞偱乽楎壔僂儔儞丗寬峃丒娐嫬丒宱嵪丒朄揑娤揰偐傜偺曻幩惈捠忢暫婍偺巊梡乿偲戣偝傟偨崙嵺夛媍偑奐偐傟偨丅僀儔僋偵懳偡傞惂嵸傪巭傔傞僗儁僀儞偺僉儍儞儁乕儞(Spanish Campaign for Lifting the Sanctions on Iraq)偲偄偆抍懱偲嫤椡偟偰丄傾儔僽偺戝媊楢懷埾堳夛(Arab Cause Solidarity Committee)偲偄偆抍懱偑庡嵜偟偨丅夛媍偱嵦戰偝傟偨愰尵偼丄楎壔僂儔儞傪崙嵺恖摴朄堘斀偲偟偰媻抏偟丄偦偺巊梡傪嬛巭偡傞偩偗偱偼側偔丄墭愼抧堟偺惔憒傪巊梡彅崙偵梫媮偟偨(CSCA Web, 乬International Conference乭)


戞係復丂楎壔僂儔儞偑恖懱偵梌偊傞塭嬁

 

杮復偱偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偑恖娫偺寬峃偵梌偊傞塭嬁傪専摙偡傞丅偡偱偵尒偰偒偨傛偆偵丄楎壔僂儔儞偺撆惈偵偮偄偰偺寽擮偑崅傑偭偰偄傞堦曽丄暷崙惌晎側偳偼楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵傛傞墭愼偺婋尟惈傪擣傔側偄丅偦偺傛偆側尒夝偺憡堘偑惗傑傟偰偟傑偆偺偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁傪壢妛揑偵徹柧偡傞偙偲偑娙扨偱偼側偄偐傜偱偁傞丅婋尟惈傪慽偊傞懁偐傜偡傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞偺帩偮惈幙偲偦偺巊梡検偐傜峫偊偰丄摉慠楎壔僂儔儞偼恖懱偵挊偟偄奞傪媦傏偟偰偄傞偲庡挘偡傞丅堦曽丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡幰懁偼丄婣娨暫傗暣憟抧嬤曈偺廧柉偺娫偺昦婥偺憹壛偑楎壔僂儔儞偵傛傞傕偺偩偲偼壢妛揑偵徹柧偝傟偰偄側偄丄偲庡挘偡傞丅

崱傑偱埲忋偺偝傜側傞壢妛揑丒堛妛揑尋媶偑昁梫偱偁傞偙偲偼丄娫堘偄側偄丅偨偩偟楎壔僂儔儞偺帩偮曻幩惈撆惈丒壔妛揑撆惈偑丄幚嵺偺昦婥偺堦偮堦偮偵場壥娭學偑偁傞偙偲傪徹柧偡傞偺偼丄梕堈側偙偲偱偼側偄丅摿偵暣憟偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵傛傞墭愼偺応崌丄僄傾儘僝儖偲側偭偰旘嶶偟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁傪埖傢側偗傟偽側傜偢丄僨乕僞偺愊傒廳偹偵傛傞壢妛揑榑徹偵偼丄寁傝抦傟側偄楯椡偑昁梫偲側傞丅

杮復偼丄撈帺偺怴偟偄挷嵏偵傕偲偯偄偨尋媶寢壥偐傜丄楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁傪妋掕揑偵帵偡傕偺偱偼側偄丅偟偐偟尰嵼抦傜傟偰偄傞壢妛揑抦幆傪梡偄偰悇榑偡傞偙偲偺偱偒傞楎壔僂儔儞偺恖懱偵懳偡傞塭嬁傪丄偙傟傑偱偵側偝傟偰偒偨懡偔偺媍榑傪傑偲傔偁偘傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄峫嶡偡傞偙偲偙偲傪帋傒傞丅

 

係亅侾丂僂儔儞偺撆惈

 

楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵娭偟偰栤戣偵側傞偺偼丄幚嵺偺晲椡暣憟偱梡偄傜傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺応強丒検偑丄壗幰偐偺寬峃偵奞傪媦傏偡偐偳偆偐偲偄偆揰偱偁傞丅偟偐偟偦傟偵偮偄偰峫偊傞偨傔偵偼丄傑偢偦傕偦傕僂儔儞偲偄偆暔幙偑恖懱偵偳偺傛偆側撆惈傪帩偭偰偄傞偺偐偵偮偄偰丄妋擣偟偰偍偐側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅楎壔僂儔儞偺婎杮揑側惈幙偼丄揤慠僂儔儞偺偦傟偲傎傏摨偠偩偐傜偱偁傞丅偮傑傝僂儔儞偺帩偮惈幙偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偵偍偄偰傕丄曻幩惈妶摦検偺掱搙偑掅偄偩偗偱丄偟偐傕壔妛撆惈偼慡偔摨偠惈幙傪帩偭偨傑傑偱丄懚懕偟偰偄傞丅

僂儔儞偵偼曻幩惈撆惈偲壔妛揑撆惈偑偁傞丅曻幩惈撆惈偵娭偟偰尵偊偽丄慡偰偺僂儔儞摨埵懱偑丄傾儖僼傽慄傪曻弌偡傞丅傾儖僼傽慄偼懱撪傊偺娧捠椡傪傎偲傫偳帩偨側偄丅偦偙偱僂儔儞傪媧擖丒愛庢偟偨偲偒丄曻幩擻偺塭嬁偑嵟傕崅偔側傞偲峫偊傜傟傞丅

偨偩偟壔妛揑暘棧偍傛傃摨埵懱偺暘棧偵堷偒懕偔悢儢寧娫偼丄楎壔僂儔儞傕儀乕僞慄偲僈儞儅慄傪曻弌偡傞丅偨偲偊偽揤慠僂儔儞偑峼愇偐傜愗傝棧偝傟偨偲偒丄曵夡夁掱偼巒傑傞(WHO, 9.3, Harley, et al, p. 5)丅曵夡夁掱偵偍偄偰僂儔儞238偼丄傑偢僩儕僂儉234偵側傞丅僩儕僂儉234偼晄埨掕偱丄偡偖偵僾儘僩傾僋僠僯僂儉234偵側傞偑丄偦偺嵺偵儀乕僞慄傪曻弌偡傞丅僾儘僩傾僋僠僯僂儉234偼偝傜偵晄埨掕偱丄敿尭婜偼6.7帪娫偲尵傢傟傞偑丄堷偒懕偔曵夡偱偝傜偵儀乕僞慄偑曻弌偝傟傞(Ryle, p. 5)

WHO偵傛傟偽丄僂儔儞峼晇偺娫偱攛僈儞偺敪惗棪偑崅偄偙偲偼丄峀偔擣幆偝傟偰偄傞丅摨條偺娤嶡偑丄妀擱椏擹弅丒惗嶻巤愝嬑柋幰偵傕偁偰偼傑傞偲偄偆尒夝傕偁傞丅攛僈儞偺婋尟惈偼丄僂儔儞238偺曵夡夁掱偱惗傑傟傞儔僪儞222(Rn222)偲丄偦偺曵夡夁掱偱曻弌偝傟傞傾儖僼傽暘巕偲寢傃偮偄偰偄傞丅崙嵺僈儞尋媶婡娭(International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC)偼丄1988擭偵儔僪儞偲偦偺曵夡夁掱偱惗傑傟傞暔幙傪丄恖懱偵敪僈儞嶌梡傪婲偙偡傕偺偲偟偰暘椶偟偨丅側偍IARC偼丄2001擭偵偼丄乽撪晹偵拁愊偟偰傾儖僼傽暘巕傪曻弌偡傞曻幩惈妀庬乿傪丄敪僈儞嶌梡傪婲偙偡傕偺偲偟偰掕媊偟偨丅傾儖僼傽慄偵傛傞撪揑旐敇偼丄攛傗儕儞僷僔僗僥儉偵塭嬁傪梌偊傞偑丄僂儔儞偑壜梟惈偱偁傞応崌丄娞憻丄恡憻丄崪側偳偵傕塭嬁傪梌偊傞(WHO, 9.4)

傾儖僼傽慄偺塭嬁偵偮偄偰偼壢妛揑偵夝柧偝傟偰偄側偄晹暘傕懡偄偑丄楎壔僂儔儞栤戣偲偺娭楢偱偼丄1屄偺傾儖僼傽棻巕偱傕嵶朎撪偵堚揱巕晄埨惈傪桿敪偟偆傞偙偲丄嬤朤嵶朎傊偺傾儖僼傽慄偺廤拞揑懪寕偑敪僈儞偺壜擻惈傪崅傔傞偙偲側偳偑丄柉娫尋媶幰偵傛偭偰嫮挷偝傟偰偄傞乮旤昹丄26-27暸乯丅側偍僂儔儞238偺曵夡夁掱偱曻弌偝傟傞儀乕僞慄偑丄廋暅晄壜擻側掱搙偵嵶朎傪攋夡偟丄堚揱巕忣曬偑嫸偭偰僈儞傗戀帣偺堎忢偵偮側偑傞嫲傟傪巜揈偡傞幰傕偄傞(Ryle, pp. 5-6)AFRRI偑楎壔僂儔儞傪儔僢僩偵杽傔崬傫偱峴偭偨幚尡偱偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偑敪僈儞惈傪帩偪丄恄宱宯丄柶塽宯丄戀帣傊偺塭嬁傪帩偮偙偲偑柧傜偐偵側偭偨丅偝傜偵AFFRRI偺傾儗僋僒儞僪儔丒儈儔乕偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偑敪僈儞惈傪帩偮偙偲傪丄堚揱巕儗儀儖偱柧傜偐偵偟偨乮Miller, pp. 11-13乯丅儈儔乕偼尰嵼傕娭楢尋媶傪懕峴拞偱偁傞(Medsearch)

偨偩偟曻幩惈撆惈偵娭偟偰栤戣側偺偼丄曻幩擻偵傛偭偰僂儔儞偑懱撪偵擖偭偰偐傜悢擭屻偵堷偒婲偙偝傟傞僈儞偼丄懠偺帺慠偵敪昦偡傞僈儞偲丄尒暘偗偑偮偐側偄偲偄偆偙偲偱偁傞[10]

嬥懏僂儔儞偑擱從偟偰曄壔偡傞偺偼丄庡偵敧巁壔嶰僂儔儞(U3O8)偱偁傝丄堦晹偼擇巁壔僂儔儞(UO2)傗丄偁傞偄偼嶰巁壔僂儔儞(UO3)偵側傞(WHO, 6.1.2)丅壜梟惈偺側偄慜擇幰偼丄壜梟惈偺偁傞屻幰偵懳偟偰丄曻幩惈撆惈偵娭偡傞媧擖嫋梕検偺栚埨偑掅偄丅昞5偺傛偆偵丄堦斒恖偵偲偭偰偺嶰巁壔僂儔儞偺媧擖惂尷抣偼丄110mg偲偝傟傞丅偦傟偵懳偟偰擇巁壔僂儔儞偼12.1mg丄敧巁壔嶰僂儔儞偼10.9mg偱偁傞丅

 

6丂曻幩惈撆惈偵娭偡傞僂儔儞壔崌暔偺擭娫媧擖惂尷検乮堦斒恖偺惂尷検丒惂尷曻幩慄検1儈儕僔乕儀儖僩[mSv]偐傜嶼掕乯(WHO, 10.4)

摨埵懱峔惉

揤慠僂儔儞

楎壔僂儔儞

UO3惂尷検丂(Bq)103

1.51

1.60

丂惂尷検丂(mg U)

60

110

UO2惂尷検丂(Bq)103

0.17

0.18

  惂尷検丂(mg U)

6.7

12.1

U3O8惂尷検丂(Bq)103

0.15

0.16

丂惂尷検丂(mg U)

6.1

10.9

 

壜梟惈偺側偄僂儔儞偱偁傞敧巁壔嶰僂儔儞傗擇巁壔僂儔儞偺応崌丄悢儢寧偐傜悢擭偵傢偨偭偰攛傗攛儕儞僷愡偵拁愊偡傞丅偟偐傕僂儔儞偼杸嶤偱擱從偡傞偲丄僙儔儈僢僋忬乮從寢懡寢徎懱乯偵側傞偑丄僙儔儈僢僋忬擇巁壔僂儔儞偼丄旕僙儔儈僢僋忬擇巁壔僂儔儞偵斾傋偰丄攛偐傜寣塼偵媧廂偝傟傞傑偱偵擇攞偺帪娫偑偐偐傞偲偄偆丅媧擖偝傟偰偐傜堓挵宯傪捠夁偡傞巁壔僂儔儞偺偆偪丄挵暻偐傜媧廂偝傟傞偺偼0.2%掱搙偱偁傞偑丄僙儔儈僢僋忬僂儔儞偱偼偝傜偵彮側偄偲憐掕偝傟傞(Bertell, 1999b, 7)丅晄梟惈偺巁壔僂儔儞偺媧擖偼丄攛慻怐慡懱偲偔偵攛朎忋旂傊偺旕僈儞惈忈奞丄婥庮丄攛慇堐徢側偳偺奞傪媦傏偡偑丄偝傜偵堓挵宯偵傕悢擭偵傢偨偭偰巆棷偟偰丄懝彎傪梌偊傞偲憐掕偝傟傞丅側偍悢擭偵傢偨偭偰攛側偳偵拁愊偟懕偗傞晄梟惈楎壔僂儔儞偺応崌偵偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偺検傪専嵏偡傞偙偲偵偼崲擄偑偁傝丄暷孯偺婣娨暫偵懳偟偰傕幚巤偝傟偰偄側偄丅

師偵壔妛揑撆惈偼丄嬻婥拞偺僂儔儞偺恛傪媧偄崬傫偩傝丄岥偐傜愛庢偟偨傝偟偨応崌丄僂儔儞偑懱撪偺寣塼偵擖傝丄恡憻偺嵶朎偵懝奞傪梌偊偰丄敪婗偝傟傞丅50mg偐傜150mg偺僂儔儞傪懱撪偵擖傟偨応崌丄怺崗側恡憻忈奞偑婲偙傝丄巰偵帄傞丅25mg偐傜40mg偺応崌偵偼丄偝傜側傞僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟傞偺偱側偗傟偽丄恡憻偼夞暅偡傞偲偄偆(DOE, 乬Uranium Health Effect乭)

晄梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔偺応崌偱偁傟偽丄屲擭娫偵搉偭偰0.5 mg/m3偐傜2.5mg/m3傪媧擖偟偨偲峫偊傜傟傞僂儔儞峼晇偑丄恡憻幘姵傪敪昦偟側偐偭偨帠椺偑偁傞偲偄偆(Harley, et al, p. 33)丅偦偙偱壔妛揑撆惈偵娭偟偰傛傝戝偒側栤戣偲側傞偺偼丄壜梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔偺応崌偱偁傞丅恖懱撪偵擖傝崬傫偩楎壔僂儔儞偼丄壜梟惈偺応崌丄寣塼拞偵擖傝崬傒丄傗偑偰恡憻偵奞傪媦傏偡偙偲偑婋湝偝傟傞偑丄偦傟偼壜梟惈僼僢壔僂儔儞偑寣棳偵擖偭偰恡憻傗懠偺婍姱偵摓払偟丄壔妛揑撆惈偵傛偭偰懱撪傪怚傫偱偄偔偐傜偱偁傞(Harley, et al, pp. 14-15)

偡偱偵尒偨傛偆偵楎壔僂儔儞偑擱從偟偰敪惗偡傞敧巁壔嶰僂儔儞傗擇巁壔僂儔儞偼晄梟惈偩偭偨偑丄摨帪偵敪惗偡傞嶰巁壔僂儔儞偼丄巁壔僂儔儞偱偁偭偰傕丄壜梟惈傪帩偭偰偄傞丅傑偨懠偺巁壔僂儔儞傕丄墭愼宱楬偺夁掱偱壔妛斀墳傪婲偙偟偰壜梟惈傪帩偮傛偆偵側傞壜擻惈偼偁傞丅

7偺傛偆偵丄WHO偺悇榑偵傛傟偽丄恖懱偑嫋梕偱偒傞壜梟惈僂儔儞偺媧擖検偺栚埨偼丄堦擔偁偨傝0.5兪g/kg/(懱廳)偱偁傞(WHO, 8.4.1, 8.4.2)丅偙傟偵傛偭偰恡憻偵拁愊偝傟傞僂儔儞偑丄婋尟検偲峫偊傜傟傞0.1兪g/g傪廫暘偵壓夞傞0.01兪g/g埲壓偵偍偝偊傜傟傞偲偄偆(Royal Society, 2002, pp. 6-7)丅壜梟惈僂儔儞偺60%24帪娫埲撪偵丄90%偑悢擔埲撪偵擜偐傜攔煏偝傟傞偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞偺偱(WHO, 13.5.1)丄廬棃偼惂尷検偑崅傔偵憐掕偝傟偰偄偨偑丄嵟嬤偵側偭偰壓曽廋惓偝傟偨偲偄偆丅

 

7丂壔妛揑撆惈偵娭偡傞僞僀僾暿僂儔儞愛庢検婎弨(WHO, 8.4)

僞僀僾[11]

庬椶

壔崌暔

愛庢(oral)丒媧擖(inhalation)嫋梕検(Tolerable Intake)乮堦擔偁偨傝乯

F

壜梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔

UN2(NO3)2

0.5兪g/kg/懱廳

M

尷掕揑壜梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔

UO3, UF4, UCI4

0.5兪g/kg/懱廳[12]

S

晄梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔

UO2, U3O8

5.0兪g/kg/懱廳[13]

 

側偍僞僀僾FM偺壜梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔偺堦擔偁偨傝偺嫋梕検偱偁傞0.5兪g/kg(懱廳)偼丄暯嬒懱廳偺惉恖偵偁偰偼傔傞偲丄愛庢検偵偟偰丄堦擭娫偱栺11mg偲側傞丅偦傟偵懳偟偰僞僀僾S 偺晄梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔偺応崌丄堦擔偁偨傝偺嫋梕検偼5.0兪g/kg/懱廳偱偁傝丄恡憻偵懳偡傞塭嬁偑彮側偄偺偱丄崅傔偺愝掕偲側偭偰偄傞丅偟偐偟偙傟偼堦擭娫偺曻幩慄検偵偟偰13mSv偵憡摉偡傞偺偱丄堦擭娫偺嫋梕曻幩慄検偱偁傞1mSv傪挻偊偰偟傑偆丅偟偨偑偭偰WHO偵傛傟偽丄幚嵺偵偼丄僞僀僾S偺嫋梕検傕堦擔偁偨傝0.5兪g/kg(懱廳)偲偡傋偒偩偲偄偆丅傑偨偙偺0.5兪g/kg(懱廳)偲偄偆嫋梕検偼丄戝婥拞偺僄傾儃乕儞壔偟偨僂儔儞偺1.5兪g/m3乮偁傞偄偼屇媧壜擻側戝婥拞偺僂儔儞偺検偵偟偰1兪g/m3乯偵憡摉偡傞(WHO, 15.1)

偙偺傛偆偵僂儔儞偺壔妛揑宍懺偑壜梟惈偱偁傞偐丄晄梟惈偱偁傞偐偵傛偭偰丄曻幩慄撆惈偍傛傃壔妛揑撆惈偺嫋梕検偑曄傢偭偰偔傞丅懱撪偱偺峴摦宍懺偑堎側傞偐傜偱偁傞丅偩偑屄暿揑側忬嫷偱堦斒恖偵傛偭偰媧擖偝傟偨丄楎壔僂儔儞偺嬶懱揑側壔妛揑宍懺傪妋徹偡傞偙偲偼丄擄偟偄丅偟偨偑偭偰WHO偺帵嵈揑側尒夝偱偼丄偝傜側傞忣曬偑摼傜傟傞傑偱偼丄曻幩慄検偺嵏掕偺栚揑偵偲偭偰偼丄媧擖僞僀僾S乮晄梟惈偺巁壔僂儔儞乯偵偦偭偰峫偊傞偙偲偑尗柧偩偲偄偆丅摨條偵丄壢妛揑撆惈偺娤揰偐傜偼丄媧擖僞僀僾F乮壜梟惈扽壔僂儔儞側偳乯偵偦偭偰峫偊傞傋偒偩偲偄偆(WHO, 10.4.2)[14]

側偍僂儔儞偑恖懱偵梌偊傞塭嬁偲偟偰偼丄偙偙傑偱弎傋偰偒偨撆惈偺懠偵丄崪偵拁愊偡傞偙偲偐傜偺塭嬁丄柶塽傊偺塭嬁丄恄宱擣幆傊偺塭嬁丄屇媧婍姱傊偺塭嬁側偳偑寽擮偝傟傞偑丄塭嬁偺搙崌偄偼丄偄偢傟傕壢妛揑偵偼妋掕偱偒側偄丅

僂儔儞偺撆惈偵娭偟偰摿偵廳梫偩偲巚傢傟傞偺偼丄懱撪偵庢傝崬傑傟偨僂儔儞偑丄巕偳傕偵戝偒側塭嬁傪梌偊傞偲偄偆偙偲偱偁傞丅巕偳傕偺嵶朎偼丄惉挿偲偲傕偵媫懍偵暘楐偟偰偄傞偐傜偱偁傞丅傑偨擠怭拞偺彈惈偵僂儔儞偑庢傝崬傑傟偨応崌丄戀斦傪捠偭偰戀帣偺寣塼偵擖傝崬傓丅側偍惗怋婡擻偵懳偡傞僂儔儞偺塭嬁偼丄摦暔幚尡埲奜偱偼傎偲傫偳妋偐傔傜傟偰偄側偄(WHO, 15.1)

WHO偵傛傟偽丄偝傜偵僂儔儞偺帩偮恄宱惈偺撆惈丄寣塼妛揑側塭嬁丄偦偟偰DNA偵懳偡傞堚揱巕妛揑側塭嬁偵偮偄偰偼丄摿偵尋媶偑枹敪払偱偁傞偲偄偆(WHO, 15.2)丅偙傟偵娭偟偰柉娫尋媶幰偼丄戅栶孯恖徣偺楎壔僂儔儞僾儘僌儔儉偱偼惛塼拞偵楎壔僂儔儞偑敪尒偝傟丄惛塼拞偺惗怋儂儖儌儞偺崅偄僌儖乕僾偺曽偑擜拞偺僂儔儞擹搙偑崅偄偙偲偑娤嶡偝傟偨偙偲丄摦暔幚尡偺寢壥偐傜嵛娵傊偺僂儔儞偺拁愊偑妋擣偝傟偨偙偲丄僂儔儞偵傛傞惗怋擻椡偺掅壓偑娤嶡偝傟偨偙偲丄楎壔僂儔儞偑儅僂僗偺戀帣傪婏宍偵偡傞偙偲偑娤嶡偝傟偰偄傞偙偲側偳傪丄巜揈偡傞乮旤昹丄29-31暸乯丅

偙偙傑偱尒偰偒偨傛偆偵丄僂儔儞偑曻幩惈撆惈偲壔妛揑撆惈傪帩偮偙偲偼帠幚偱偁傝丄曻幩惈偺搙崌偄偑掅偄偲偼偄偊丄楎壔僂儔儞偑抳巰惈偺奞傪堷偒婲偙偡撆嶌梡傪敪婗偡傞偙偲偼媈偆梋抧偑側偄偲尵偊傛偆丅偦偙偱壥偨偟偰偳偺掱搙偺楎壔僂儔儞偑偳偺掱搙傑偱偺撆惈傪敪婗偡傞偐偲偄偆偙偲傗丄嬶懱揑側帠椺偵偍偄偰幚嵺偵恖娫偑偳偺掱搙偺楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偨偐偲偄偆偙偲偑丄栤戣偵側傞丅偨偲偊偽暷惌晎宯偺尋媶偼丄庡偵榩娸愴憟廬帠幰偑懱撪偵庢傝擖傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺検傪掅偔昡壙偡傞偙偲傪捠偠偰丄榩娸愴憟徢岓孮偲楎壔僂儔儞偺寢傃偮偒傪斲掕偡傞偺偱偁偭偨丅偟偨偑偭偰撆惈偲偲傕偵廳梫側専摙懳徾偲側傞偺偑丄楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偺宱楬偱偁傞丅

 

係亅俀丂楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偺宱楬

 

楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偑峀偑傞宱楬偲偟偰偼丄懱奜旐敇偲丄愛庢偍傛傃媧擖偵傛傞懱撪傊偺庢傝崬傒偑偁傞丅僂儔儞偼曻幩惈暔幙偱偁傝丄懱奜旐敇偵傛傞寬峃傊偺塭嬁傕憐掕偝傟傞丅巊梡嵪傒偺楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱傪庤偵庢傞偩偗偱旐敇偡傞曻幩慄検偼丄堦帪娫偁偨傝200儈儕儗儉(mrem/hour)偲尵傢傟傞偺偱乮婋尟旐敇検偼50,000mrem/hour偲尵傢傟傞乯丄挿帪娫強帩偡傞偺偱側偗傟偽丄曻幩慄旐敇偺塭嬁偼彮側偄偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞(AEPI, 1995, 6.1.1)丅嬶懱揑偵偼丄暣憟屻偵巆偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱傪廍偭偨廧柉偑丄惗妶嬻娫偺拞偱強桳偟懕偗偨傝丄儁儞僟儞僩側偳偵偟偰恎懱偵挿帪娫晅拝偝偣偨傝偡傞応崌偑丄婋尟偩偲峫偊傜傟傞丅幚嵺偵僀儔僋偱偼丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偵傛偭偰攋夡偝傟偨愴幵偺巆奫傪廍偄忋偘丄巗応偱攧傞廧柉偺懚嵼偑曬崘偝傟偰偄傞丅傑偨楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪憰旛偟偨僄僀僽儔儉僘愴幵撪偺暫巑偼丄嫻晹嶣塭X慄偲傎傏摨偠検偺曻幩慄傪20~30帪娫偁傃傞偙偲偵側傞偲偄偆丅側偍楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱昞柺偺僈儞儅慄偺曻幩慄偼丄1帪娫偁偨傝250儈儕儗儉偱偁傝丄偙傟偼嫻晹X慄傪1帪娫偁偨傝栺50夞偁傃傞偺偵摍偟偄曻幩慄検偱偁傞(Dietz, p. 144)

偟偐偟偦傟偱傕楎壔僂儔儞偼掅儗儀儖曻幩惈暔幙側偺偱丄懱奜旐敇偑恖懱偵梌偊傞塭嬁偼尷掕揑側傕偺偩偲尵傢傟傞偙偲偑懡偄丅偦偺傛偆側尒夝偵堎榑傪彞偊傞壢妛幰偺堦恖偱偁傞儘僓儕乕丒僶乕僥儖攷巑偵傛傟偽丄曻幩慄偼備偭偔傝偲掅偄慡慄検偱旐敇偟偨偲偒丄崅偄惗懱斀墳傪帵偡偲偄偆丅巰偵帄傜側偄僈儞丄柶塽掅壓丄屇媧婍宯丒徚壔婍宯丒擜宯傪拞怱偲偡傞慻怐偺嬊晹揑側懝彎丄旂晢忈奞丄惗怋栤戣側偳傪峫椂偵擖傟偨偲偒丄曻幩慄偑擼傪懝彎偟丄寣塼傪偮偔傞愐悜姴嵶朎傪懝彎偟丄崪偵捑拝偟偨曻幩惈暔幙偑嬤偔偺婍姱偲恄宱傪旐敇偟懕偗傞偙偲偑傢偐傞傛偆偵側傞偲偄偆(Bertell, 1999a, pp. 127-129)

偨偩偟偄偢傟偵偣傛丄傛傝怺崗側栤戣偲偟偰峫偊傜傟傞偺偼丄僂儔儞偑懱撪偵庢傝崬傑傟偨応崌偺恖懱傊偺塭嬁偱偁傞丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺旐奞偲偟偰堦斒偵峫偊傜傟偰偄傞偺傕丄楎壔僂儔儞傪媧擖傑偨偼愛庢偟偨応崌偱偁傞丅楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偼丄栚昗暔偵拝抏偟偰丄寖偟偔擱從偡傞丅愛巵500搙埲忋偺擬偵30暘埲忋偝傜偝傟傞偲丄巁壔偟偨楎壔僂儔儞偼屇媧偵傛偭偰媧擖壜擻側乽僄傾儃乕儞乿乮嬻拞晜梀恛乯旝棻巕偲側傝丄墝偺拞偵娷傒偙傑傟偰廃埻偵奼嶶偟偰偄偔(WHO, 6.1.1.)AEPI偵傛傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偺70%偑丄偁傞偄偼ACHPPM偵傛傟偽丄庡偵10%~37%偑丄乽僄傾儘僝儖壔乿偝傟傞(AEPI, 1995, 4.1, USACHPPM, 2000, p. 52)丅恖娫偑媧擖偱偒傞偺偼捈宎5兪m傑偱偲尵傢傟傞丅栚昗暔偵摉偨偭偰擱從偟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺慡偰偑10兪m埲壓偵側傞偩偗偱偼側偔(Harley, et al, p. 27)2.5儈僋儘儞偺戝偒偝偵側傞偲偡傞尒曽傕偁傞(Bukowski, et al, p. 46)

偙偺偨傔擱從偟偨楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偺廃埻偵偄傞幰偼丄戝検偺楎壔僂儔儞旝棻巕傪媧偄崬傓偙偲偵側傞丅偨偩偟僄傾儘僝儖壔偟偨楎壔僂儔儞偼丄晛捠偺懍搙偺晽傗抧昞偱偺拁愊偵傛偭偰丄嬻婥拞偵枾搙偺崅偄忬懺偱偲偳傑傞偙偲偼側偄丅捠忢偼1暯曽儊乕僩儖偁偨傝儈儕僌儔儉偺扨埵偱丄嬻婥拞偵偲偳傑傝懕偗傞偙偲偼側偄偲偄偆丅傑偨傕偟偦偺枾搙偑嬻婥拞偱堐帩偝傟傟偽丄傎偲傫偳壜帇揑偵側傞偼偢偩偲偄偆(Harley, et al, pp. 39, 37)丅偙偺偙偲偐傜RAND尋媶強曬崘彂偩偗偱偼側偔丄偦傟傪嶲徠偡傞尋媶偑丄寬峃偵奞傪梌偊傞傎偳偺検偺楎壔僂儔儞傪媧擖偡傞偙偲偼丄晄壜擻偩偲榑偠偨(Harley, et al, pp. 69-70, USGAO, 2000, p. 10)丅偦偺攚宨偵偼丄媧擖偝傟偨揤慠僂儔儞偺75亾偑揻偒弌偝傟丄攛偵偲偳傑傞偺偼25亾偩偗偱偁傝丄偟偐傕嵟廔揑偵恡憻偵摓払偡傞偺偼媧擖検偺1亾偩偗偩偲偄偆丄恖懱偺堎暔攔煏婡擻偺昡壙傕偁傞(Harley, et al, pp. 25-26)丅偨偩偟揻偒弌偝傟偨75亾偺3暘偺2偑丄寢壥偲偟偰堸傒崬傑傟偰偄偔偲傕尵傢傟傞(Zajic, 6.6)丅傑偨晅婰偟偰偍偔傋偒偼丄懡偔偺楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑姰慡偵愴幵傪娧捠偟偰偐傜擱從偟偨偙偲乮愴幵撪偵懾棷偟偨偲峫偊傜傟傞偙偲乯偱偁傠偆丅墹棫妛巑堾偼丄媧擖偱憡摉検偺楎壔僂儔儞傪媧偄崬傓偙偲偼峫偊偵偔偄偲偟側偑傜丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵傛傞朇寕偺捈愙旐奞偵憳嬾偟偨応崌側偳偵偼丄晄壜擻偱偼側偄偐傕偟傟側偄偲偟偨(Royal Society, 2001, p. 9)丅傑偨RAND尋媶強偼丄挿婜偵傢偨偭偰偺媧擖偺壜擻惈傪彍奜偟偰偄傞傛偆偵傕巚傢傟傞丅偙偺揰偼RAND尋媶強偑埶嫆偟偨ACHPPM偺曬崘彂偑崻嫆偲偟偨1987擭偺娧捠懱拝抏幚尡偑丄恖懱偺媧擖帪娫傪1暘埲撪偲偟偰偄偨揰側偳偵娭偟偰丄幚嵺偺忦審傛傝傕媧擖検傪夁彮愝掕偟偰偄偨偲斸敾偝傟偰偄傞偙偲偲傕娭楢偟偰偄傞偩傠偆(USGAO, 2000, p. 14)

媧擖偺婋尟惈偼丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺拝抏揰晅嬤偵偄傞幰偩偗偵娭傢傞傢偗偱偼側偄丅偙偺楎壔僂儔儞旝棻巕偼丄悢廫僉儘愭偵傑偱旘梀偟偰偄偔偙偲偑曬崘偝傟偰偄傞丅1979擭偵峴傢傟偨挷嵏偵傛傟偽丄僯儏乕儓乕僋廈僆儖僶僯乕巗偵偁偭偨楎壔僂儔儞娧捠懱偍傛傃暯峵悗偺惢憿岺応偐傜弌偨楎壔僂儔儞偺僄傾儘僝儖偑丄42僉儘棧傟偨抧揰偺嬻婥僼傿儖僞乕偐傜傕尒偮偐偭偨丅1980擭偵僯儏乕儓乕僋廈嵸敾強偼丄偙偺岺応偵憖嬈掆巭傪柦偠偨偑丄偦傟偼1儢寧偁偨傝偺嬻拞曻弌曻幩慄検偑僯儏乕儓乕僋廈偺婎弨偱偁傞150儅僀僋儘僉儏儕乕傪挻偊偰偄偨偐傜偱偁偭偨丅側偍偙偺曻幩慄検偼丄楎壔僂儔儞嬥懏378g偵憡摉偡傞(Dietz, p. 140-141)丅偮傑傝30儈儕朇抏偵庢傝晅偗傜傟偰偄傞GAU-8/A娧捠懱偺1.5攞偵傕枮偨側偄検偱偁傞丅

儗僆僫儖僪丒僨傿乕僣攷巑偵傛傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞僄傾儘僝儖偺棊壓懍搙偼丄棻巕偺嵟廔棊壓懍搙偵娭偡傞乽僗僩乕僋僗偺朄懃乿偵傛偭偰寁嶼偱偒傞丅僗僩乕僋僗偺朄懃偼V=2GR2(S-A)/9C偲偄偆幃偱昞尰偝傟傞偑丄偙偙偱懍搙(V)偼丄廳椡壛懍搙(G=980.4cm/sec2)丄媴懱偺敿宎(R cm)2(R2)丄媴懱偺枾搙(S g/cm3)1婥埑18亷偱偺嬻婥偺枾搙(A=1.21310-3g/cm3)1婥埑18亷偱偺嬻婥偺擲惈學悢(C=1.82710-4億傾僘)偺愊偱寁嶼偝傟傞丅偙偺僗僩乕僋僗偺朄懃偼丄Re乮柍師尦悢乯=2RAV/C偱寁嶼偝傟傞乽儗僀僲儖僘悢乿偑0.1埲壓偺棳懱偵桳岠偩偑丄敿宎10儈僋儘儞偺僂儔儞嬥懏媴偺応崌偱傕丄懍搙偼5.7cm/secRe0.038偱偁傝丄僗僩乕僋僗偺朄懃偑揔梡偝傟傞偙偲偵側傞(Dietz, p. 142)丅敿宎偵墳偠偨擇巁壔僂儔儞偺媴宍棻巕偑棊壓偡傞嵟廔懍搙偼昞8偺捠傝偱偁傞丅

 

8丂惷偐側戝婥拞偱擇巁壔僂儔儞偺媴宍棻巕偑棊壓偡傞嵟廔懍搙(Dietz, p. 143)

敿宎乮儈僋儘儞乯

懍搙(cm/sec)

懍搙(ft/hour)

5.0

0.82

97

4.0

0.52

62

3.0

0.30

35

2.0

0.13

15

1.0

0.033

4

0.5

0.0082

1

 

偙傟傜偺寁嶼幃偱峫偊傞偲丄壖偵敋敪偺擬晽偵傛偭偰悢僉儘忋嬻傑偱帩偪忋偘傜傟偨偲偡傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞棻巕偼悢廫僉儘愭傑偱晜梀偟偰偄偔偙偲偵側傞丅

僨傿乕僣攷巑偼偝傜偵丄嬻婥偺杸嶤椡傑偨偼僂儔儞尨巕偺傾儖僼傽棻巕曻弌偵傛傞壸揹偵傛偭偰丄棻巕偺崀壓抧揰偼偝傜偵墦偔側傞偲巜揈偡傞丅傑偨尵偆傑偱傕側偔丄堦搙崀壓偟偨棻巕偑丄乮摿偵榩娸愴憟偺愴応偺傛偆側嵒敊偱偺嵶偐偄嵒棻傗暡恛側偳偲堷偒崌偭偰乯晽偑悂偄偨傝幵偑捠偭偨傝偡傞嵺偵丄嵞傃晳偄忋偑偭偰怴偟偄応強傊偲堏傞偙偲傕峫偊傜傟傞丅偦偙偱枅昩悢僙儞僠偲偄偆戝婥偺儔儞僟儉塣摦傕丄僂儔儞棻巕傪墦曽偵塣傇梫慺偲側傞(Dietz, pp. 143-144)

偲偙傠偱ACHPPM偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偨幰傪丄媧擖搙崌偄偵偟偨偑偭偰嶰偮偺儗儀儖偵暘偗丄奺儗儀儖偵懳墳偟偨楎壔僂儔儞媧擖検丄曻幩慄検丄恡憻拁愊検傪悇掕偟偨丅偦偺寢壥偼昞9偺捠傝偱偁傞丅

 

9丂偦傟偧傟偺儗儀儖偱偺楎壔僂儔儞媧擖丒愛庢検丒曻幩慄検丒恡憻拁愊検偺忋尷抣偺ACHPPM偵傛傞嶼掕(USACHPPM, 2000, pp. ix-xii)

儗儀儖

媧擖楎壔僂儔儞廳検

幚岠慄検摉検[15]

恡憻拁愊検

 

儗儀儖I乮娧捠堦夞乯乮擇暘娫乯

79mg

2rem

1.5兪g/g/恡憻

儗儀儖I乮娧捠擇夞乯乮擇暘娫乯

118.5~237mg

5rem

4.4兪g/g/恡憻

儗儀儖II乮娧捠堦夞乯乮堦帪娫乯

0.025mg

0.0004rem

0.00067兪g/g/恡憻

 

儗儀儖II乮娧捠擇夞乯乮堦帪娫乯

0.05~0.125mg

0.002rem

0.0035兪g/g/恡憻

 

儗儀儖III乮娧捠堦夞乯乮堦帪娫乯

0.057mg

0.0001rem

0.00026兪g/g/恡憻

 

儗儀儖III乮娧捠擇夞乯乮堦帪娫乯

0.0114~0.029mg

0.0002rem

0.0013兪g/g/恡憻

 

 

偙傟偵懳偟偰墹棫妛巑堾偼丄ACHPPM偺帋嶼傪偐側傝崅傔偵廋惓偟偨丅楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偱峌寕偝傟偨愴幵撪晹偵偄偨幰偐傜丄朇寕抧揰偐傜棧傟偨応強偵偄偨幰傑偱傪丄壖憐偺楎壔僂儔儞僄傾儘僝儖媧擖幰偲偟偰丄偦偺媧擖検傪昞10偺傛偆偵帋嶼偟偨丅

 

10丂楎壔僂儔儞媧擖検乮慄検乯偺墹棫妛巑堾偵傛傞嶼掕(Royal Society, 2001, p. 8)[16]

僔僫儕僆

拞怱揑悇掕

嵟埆偺帠椺

 

 

媧擖(mg)

慄検(rem)

媧擖(mg)

慄検(rem)

 

敋敪偟偨僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖

250

2.2

5,000

110

 

墭愼幵椉撪偺嵞晜梀僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖乮敋敪捈屻乯

10

0.05

2,000

44

 

墭愼幵椉撪偱偺愛庢乮敋敪捈屻乯

5

0.00005

500

0.03

墭愼幵椉撪偺嵞晜梀僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖乮敋敪廔椆屻乯

1

0.005

200

4.4

墭愼幵椉撪偱偺愛庢乮敋敪廔椆屻乯

0.5

0.000005

50

0.003

敋晽偑娷傓僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖

0.07

0.0004

5

0.28

壩嵭晽偑娷傓僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖

0.05

0.0004

2

0.12

抧忋偐傜嵞晜梀偟偨僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖

0.8

0.003

8

1.8

 

偟偐偟偙偺廋惓帺懱傕丄杮棃嶼掕偵昁梫側忣曬偑慡偔側偄傑傑壖愢偺忋偵嶌傝忋偘偨傕偺偱偟偐側偄丅摿暿栚怴偟偄忣曬偑側偄傑傑偵ACPPM偺帋嶼傪戝暆偵廋惓偱偒傞偲帵嵈偡傞偙偲帺懱偑丄帋嶼偺崲擄傪帵偡傕偺偱偁傠偆丅偩偑偦傟偱傕側偍墹棫妛巑堾偺乽嵟埆乿偺悢帤偑杮摉偵乽嵟埆乿偱偁傞偲偄偆妋徹偼側偄丅偦偺揰偼丄墹棫妛巑堾傕擣傔偰偄傞丅

偝傜偵敋敪偟偨僄傾儘僝儖傪媧擖偟偨応崌偵婲偙傝偆傞偲墹棫妛巑堾偑峫偊偨楎壔僂儔儞媧擖検偱偺僈儞敪惗棪偺憹壛棪偼丄墹棫妛巑堾偵傛傟偽丄昞11偺傛偆偵側傞丅

 

11丂敋敪偟偨僄傾儘僝儖傪媧擖偟偨応崌偺壖愢揑側楎壔僂儔儞検偵傛傞僈儞敪惗棪偺憹壛(Royal Society, 2001, p. 13)

敋敪偟偨僄傾儘僝儖媧擖偵傛傞DU媧擖検

拞怱揑悇掕

嵟埆偺応崌

 

250mg

5,000mg

 

抳巰揑僈儞偺婋尟惈

慡懱揑懝奞

抳巰揑僈儞偺壜擻惈

慡懱揑懝奞

 

慡恎

0.088%

0.12%

4.4%

6.2%

 

銷泖

0.000096%

0.000096%

0.001%

0.001%

愒崪悜

0.00049%

0.001%

0.0052%

0.011%

崪昞柺

0.00047%

0.00071%

0.005%

0.0075%

嫻乮擕乯

0.000065%

0.00012%

0.00067%

0.0012%

寢挵

0.00031%

0.00037%

0.0034%

0.0041%

娞憻

0.00019%

0.0002%

0.002%

0.0022%

0.12%

0.11%

6.5%

6.1%

怘摴

0.000096%

0.000076%

0.001%

0.008%

棏憙

0.000032%

0.000048%

0.00033%

0.0005%

旂晢

0.000008%

0.000012%

0.000083%

0.00075%

0.00035%

0.00032%

0.0037%

0.0037%

峛忬態

0.000027%

0.000048%

0.00025%

0.0005%

 

偙偙偱嵺棫偭偰偄傞偺偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偑敪婗偡傞攛偵懳偡傞曻幩惈撆惈偱偁傞丅傕偪傠傫墹棫妛巑堾偼丄偙傟偼嵟戝尷偺楎壔僂儔儞媧擖偵傛偭偰堷偒婲偙偝傟傞僈儞偺憹壛偺婋尟惈傪帵偟偨偵傕偺偱偟偐側偄偙偲傪嫮挷偟偨丅偦偟偰懠偺宍懺偺媧擖丒愛庢偺応崌偵偼丄柍帇偟偆傞憹壛棪偟偐婲偙傜側偄偲傕榑偠偨丅偟偐偟偙偺壖愢揑側検偺愝掕偵傛傞僈儞敪惗棪傪丄偨偲偊偽300僩儞偺楎壔僂儔儞偑曻弌偝傟偨偲偝傟傞榩娸愴憟偺帠椺偵娭偟偰丄寉帇偡傋偒傕偺偩偲峫偊傞偺偼丄傓偟傠擄偟偄傛偆偵傕巚傢傟傞丅

側偍壜梟惈僂儔儞壔崌暔偺応崌偵傛傝怺崗側栤戣偵側傞壔妛揑撆惈偵娭偟偰偼丄恡憻偱偺楎壔僂儔儞拁愊検偵拝栚偟偰丄墹棫妛巑堾偼師偺傛偆偵帋嶼偟偨丅

 

12丂楎壔僂儔儞偺恡憻拁愊検偺悇掕(Royal Society, 2002, p. 9)

僔僫儕僆

拞怱揑悇掕(g/g/恡憻)

嵟埆偺応崌(兪g/g/恡憻)

 

敋敪偟偨僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖

4

400

 

墭愼幵椉撪偺嵞晜梀僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖乮敋敪捈屻乯

0.05

96

 

墭愼幵椉撪偱偺愛庢乮敋敪捈屻乯

0.003

3

 

墭愼幵椉撪偺嵞晜梀僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖乮敋敪廔椆屻乯

0.005

10

墭愼幵椉撪偱偺愛庢乮敋敪廔椆屻乯

0.0003

0.3

敋晽偑娷傓僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖

0.0009

0.6

壩嵭晽偑娷傓僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖

0.00012

0.05

抧忋偐傜嵞晜梀偟偨僄傾儘僝儖偺媧擖

0.003

4

 

側偍偙偙偱傕傑偨墹棫妛巑堾偼丄乽嵟埆偺応崌乿偼嬌傔偰彮悢偺恖乆偵偟偐偁偰偼傑傜側偄偩傠偆弎傋偰偄傞(Royal Society, 2002, p. 12)丅壥偨偟偰彮悢偺恖乆偺懚嵼傪摑寁妛揑偵寉帇偡傞偙偲偑丄楎壔僂儔儞偺栤戣偵娭偟偰惓摉壔偝傟偆傞偐偳偆偐偲偄偆揰偼暿偵偟偰傕丄嵟埆偺応崌偑偳偺掱搙偵婲偙傝偵偔偄偐傪抦傞偨傔偺忣曬偑姰慡偵寚棊偟偰偄傞偙偲偼丄晅婰偱偒傞偩傠偆丅

 

14丂恖懱偵擖偭偨楎壔僂儔儞偺宱楬(Balkan Syndrome)

 

偝偰偙偙傑偱偄偝偝偐嵶偐偔尒偰偒偨媧擖偺応崌埲奜偵傕丄楎壔僂儔儞傪懱撪偵庢傝崬傫偱偟傑偆宱楬偼偁傞丅偨偲偊偽曻抲偝傟偰搚嵒偵擖傝崬傫偩楎壔僂儔儞僄傾儘僝儖偑丄擾嶌嬈偦偺懠偺棟桼偱搚嵒偵捈愙揑偁傞偄偼娫愙揑偵怗傟偨恖娫偵傛偭偰愛庢丒媧擖偝傟偰偟傑偆婋尟惈偱偁傞丅晄梟惈偺偁傞巁壔楎壔僂儔儞偑丄搚忞偵傆傟偨庤偐傜怘暔愛庢偺嵺偵懱撪傊偲庢傝崬傑傟偰偄偔壜擻惈傕崅偄丅傑偨僂儔儞偼彎岥偐傜懱撪偵擖傞偙偲傕偁傞(WHO, 5.4)丅偝傜偵楎壔僂儔儞偵傛偭偰墭愼偝傟偨搚忞偱嵧攟偝傟偨擾嶌暔傪愛庢偡傞婋尟惈傕偁傞丅壜梟惈偑崅偗傟偽惗暔偐傜偼攔煏偝傟傗偡偄偲偼偄偊(AEPI, 1995, 7.1.3)丄怘暔楢嵔傪攠夘偵偟偨奼嶶傕峫偊傜傟側偄傢偗偱偼側偄丅偙傟傜偺婋尟惈偼丄嬤椬偺廧柉偑楎壔僂儔儞偦偺傕偺偺懚嵼傪抦傜偢丄攋夡偝傟偨暫婍傪帩偪婣偭偰巗応偱攧傝偝偽偄偰偄傞傛偆側僀儔僋偺忬嫷傪峫偊傞偲丄寛偟偰寉帇偱偒側偄傕偺偩傠偆丅

偝傜偵壜梟惈偺偁傞僂儔儞偱偁傟偽丄搚忞偐傜抧昞悈丒抧壓悈偵棳弌偟偰偄偔偙偲偑峫偊傜傟傞丅晄梟惈偺擇巁壔僂儔儞偑丄媫懍偵晽壔偟丄傛傝壜摦惈偑偁傝丄壜梟惈傪帩偮僂儔儞偺宍懺偵揮壔偟丄抧昞悈傗抧壓悈丄偁傞偄偼旝惗暔傗怉暔偵庢傝崬傑傟偰偄偔偙偲傕丄壢妛揑偵娤嶡偝傟偰偄傞(WHO, 6.1.2)丅僂儔儞偑抧昞悈丒抧壓悈偵擖偭偨応崌偼丄堸傒悈傪捠偟偰恖懱偵塭嬁傪梌偊傞嫲傟偑偁傞丅楎壔僂儔儞偑悈柺傪堏摦偡傞偙偲偼丄妋擣偝傟偰偄傞(AEPI, 1995, 7.1)

 

係亅俁丂僀儔僋偱巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁

 

惌晎宯偺尋媶偱偼丄暷崙撪楎壔僂儔儞暫婍帋尡応側偳偺墭愼忬嫷偑丄榩娸愴憟偱楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑梡偄傜傟偨抧堟偺忬嫷偵椶帡偟偨傕偺偲偟偰峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偩傠偆偲偝傟偨(AEPI, 1995, 7.4)丅偟偐偟摉慠偺偙偲側偑傜丄偙偆偟偨椶悇偱偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偺幚嵺偺愴応偱偺曻弌忬嫷傗丄楎壔僂儔儞偑奼嶶偟偨娐嫬偺屄暿揑忬嫷偑峫椂偝傟側偄 (WHO, 6.1.2)丅戝婯柾側検偺楎壔僂儔儞偑梡偄傜傟偨僀儔僋偵偼丄摿偵偦傟偑偁偰偼傑傞偩傠偆丅

尰嵼傑偱偺偲偙傠丄僀儔僋崙撪偱偺楎壔僂儔儞偺恖懱傊偺旐奞偵偮偄偰偼丄抐曅揑側忣曬偑嶖憥偟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟慡梕偼昁偢偟傕柧傜偐偱偼側偄丅僀儔僋崙撪偺忬嫷傪抦傞偨傔偵丄偙偙偱偼199812寧偵僶僌僟僢僪偺儂僥儖丒傾儖儔僔乕僪偱奐偐傟偨乽1991擭榩娸愴憟偵偍偄偰暷塸孯偵傛偭偰巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺寬峃偍傛傃娐嫬傊偺寢壥偵娭偡傞夛媍乿偱側偝傟偨婔偮偐偺曬崘偺帒椏傪嶲徠偟丄榩娸愴憟屻偵偳偺傛偆側昦棟忋偺曄壔偑惗傑傟偨偐傪悇嶡偡傞庤偑偐傝偲偡傞丅

傾儖亖傾僯嫵庼偺帒椏偼丄榩娸愴憟棨忋愴偺晳戜偲側偭偨僀儔僋撿晹抧曽偺孯丒巗柉昦堾偱1991擭偐傜1997擭偵廤傔傜傟偨丄僈儞偺徢椺偵娭偡傞傕偺偱偁傞丅挷嵏懳徾幰偼丄幚嵺偵愴憟偵廬帠偟偨19嵨偐傜50嵨偺斖埻偺惉恖抝惈偱偁偭偨(Al-Ani, 1998, 乬Material and Method;乭 El-Bayoumi, p. S3)

柺択挷嵏偵傛偭偰楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵偝傜偝傟偨偙偲偑敾柧偟偨1,425柤偺徢椺偼丄昞13偺捠傝偱偁傞丅

 

13丂楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵偝傜偝傟偨僀儔僋恖榩娸愴憟嶲壛幰偺僈儞敪惗審悢(Al-Ani, 1998, Table 1)

昦柤乢擭

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

憤寁

儕儞僷庮

10

16

70

85

80

106

82

449

敀寣昦

10

28

45

53

65

70

40

311

攛僈儞

4

6

39

40

41

40

40

210

擼僈儞

1

2

20

30

35

40

34

162

堓僈儞

2

6

13

15

10

10

10

66

崪僈儞

2

3

5

10

10

12

15

57

鋁憻僈儞

-

-

-

3

10

12

15

40

娞憻僈儞

-

-

-

5

10

11

13

39

懥塼態僈儞

-

-

-

-

7

11

15

33

嵛娵僈儞

-

1

5

10

12

15

15

58

憤寁

29

62

197

251

280

327

279

1,425

 

柺択挷嵏偵傛偭偰楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨偲偝傟傞315柤偺徢椺偼丄昞14偺捠傝偱偁傞丅

 

14丂楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨僀儔僋恖榩娸愴憟嶲壛幰偺僈儞敪惗審悢(Al-Ani, 1998, Table 2)

昦柤乢擭

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

憤寁

攛僈儞

2

6

7

15

11

23

14

78

堓僈儞

-

10

11

17

14

13

-

65

敀寣昦

1

4

7

11

7

12

6

48

儕儞僷庮

-

2

8

11

9

8

6

44

娞憻僈儞

-

1

6

8

10

5

-

30

崪僈儞

-

-

2

12

7

3

3

27

擼僈儞

-

-

-

2

4

7

10

23

憤寁

3

23

41

76

62

71

39

315

 

偙偺摑寁傪僌儔僼壔偟偨偺偑丄僌儔僼1偱偁傞丅

 

 

 

 

 

 



僌儔僼1丂榩娸愴憟埲屻偺僀儔僋撿晹偵偍偗傞僈儞敪惗審悢偺悇堏(昅幰嶌惉)[17]

偙偙偵帵偟偨僨乕僞偑廤傔傜傟偨昦堾偺嬶懱揑側悢傗暘晍丄偝傜偵摨偠昦堾丄偁傞偄偼懠偺僀儔僋偺抧堟偺堦斒姵幰偺僈儞敪惗審悢偺悇堏側偳偼丄柧傜偐偱偼側偄丅偟偐偟偙偙偵帵偝傟偨僨乕僞偐傜丄榩娸愴憟屻偺7擭娫偱丄慡偰偺庬椶偺僈儞偵偍偄偰旘桇揑側憹壛偑尒傜傟傞偙偲偑偲傝偁偊偢尒偰偲傟傞丅楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵偝傜偝傟偨姵幰丄偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨姵幰偲傕偵丄1996擭偑嵟戝偺徢椺悢傪帵偟偰偄傞丅1996擭偺審悢偼丄1991擭帪揰偐傜尒傞偲丄偝傜偝傟偨応崌偑9.97攞丄偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨応崌偑23.67攞偺憹壛偱偁傝丄1992擭帪揰偐傜尒傞偲丄偝傜偝傟偨応崌偑4.74攞丄偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨応崌偑3.09攞偺憹壛偱偁傞丅

偙傟傜偺悢帤偑帵偡堄枴偼丄嬶懱揑側攚宨偺愢柧偑側偝傟傞傑偱偼丄妋掕揑偵弎傋傞偙偲偼偱偒側偄偩傠偆丅摿偵愴応偱楎壔僂儔儞敋敪偵捈愙揑偵偼偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨尦暫巑偨偪偺娫偱傕丄徢椺偼彮側偄偲偼偄偊丄愴屻悢擭偺娫偵僈儞敪惗棪偵崅偄憹壛偑尒傜傟偨偙偲偺堄枴偼丄怲廳偵専摙偝傟傞傋偒偱偁傠偆丅擇師揑側楎壔僂儔儞偺旐奞偑峀偑偭偰偄傞偺偐丄偁傞偄偼楎壔僂儔儞埲奜偺梫慺偵傛偭偰僈儞敪惗棪偑崅傑偭偨偺偐偼丄梕堈偵偼敾抐偱偒側偄丅

傑偨僌儔僼2偑帵偡傛偆偵丄僈儞偑敪惗偟偨憻婍暿偵妱崌傪帵偡偲丄楎壔僂儔儞敋敪偵偝傜偝傟偨恖乆偲丄偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨恖乆偺娫偵丄柧傜偐側憡堘偑偁傞偙偲偑傢偐傞丅

 

僌儔僼2丂楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵偝傜偝傟偨姵幰偲丄偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨姵幰偺憃曽偵偍偄偰丄1991擭偐傜1997擭偺娫偵敪惗偟偨奺庬偺僈儞偺審悢偑丄僈儞敪惗憤悢偵懳偟偰愯傔傞妱崌乮昅幰嶌惉乯[18]

偝傜側傞僨乕僞偑偁傟偽丄奺庬偺僈儞偑僀儔僋偺懠偺抧堟偵偍偄偰偳偺傛偆側斾棪偲側偭偰偄傞偐傪帵偟偰斾妑偡傞傋偒偱偁傠偆偑丄偦傟偼偙偙偱偼偱偒側偄丅傑偨摉奩帒椏偑挷嵏懳徾偲偟偨姵幰悢偑傕偭偲懡偗傟偽丄奺庬偺僈儞偺憹壛棪傪丄楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偨応崌偲丄偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨応崌偱斾妑偟偰傒傞偙偲偵堄枴偑弌偰偔傞偲巚傢傟傞偑丄榩娸愴憟捈屻偺僈儞敪惗審悢偺悢抣偑掅偡偓偰丄堄枴偺偁傞憹壛棪傪帵偣傞偲偼巚偊側偄丅

偟偐偟僌儔僼2偑偲傝偁偊偢帵偟偰偄傞偺偼丄楎壔僂儔儞敋敪偵偝傜偝傟偨応崌偵偼丄儕儞僷庮偲敀寣昦偺斾棪偑旕忢偵崅偔側傞偲偄偆偙偲偱偁傞丅偙偺擇幰偱慡懱偺57.73%傪愯傔傞丅偙傟偵懳偟偰楎壔僂儔儞敋敪偵偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨応崌丄儕儞僷庮偲敀寣昦偺斾棪傕掅偔偼側偄偑丄攛僈儞偺斾棪偑嵟傕崅偔側傝丄偝傜偵堓僈儞偺斾棪偑偦傟偵懕偒丄嵺棫偭偰崅偔側偭偰偄傞丅偝傜偵崪僈儞偲娞憻僈儞偺斾棪偑丄敋敪偵偝傜偝傟偨応崌傛傝傕崅偄丅

偁偊偰偙偺傛偆側僨乕僞偵堦掕偺夝庍傪壛偊傞側傜偽丄偡偱偵尒偰偒偨傛偆偵丄愴応偱楎壔僂儔儞偺僄傾儘僝儖傪媧擖偟偨応崌丄寣塼偵擖傝崬傫偱恡憻偵傑偱偨偳傝偮偔偺偑丄媧擖検偺栺1%偱偁傞偙偲偑憐婲偝傟傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅偙偺宱楬偱庢傝擖傟偨僂儔儞偺壢妛揑撆惈偑尨場偱寣塼娭楢偺憻婍偱敪昦偑婲偙傞偺偼丄壜梟惈僂儔儞偑戝検偵媧擖偝傟偨応崌偩偲悇嶡偝傟傞丅偙傟偼柧傜偐偵楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑敋敪偟偨応強偺晅嬤偵偄偨恖乆偺応崌偱偁傠偆丅偦傟偵懳偟偰攛偵拁愊偡傞晄梟惈僂儔儞偺斾棪偼25%偱偁傝丄憤媧擖検偑彮側偄応崌偱傕丄拁愊検偼憡懳揑偵懡偔側傞丅挿婜偵傢偨傞拁愊検偑憹偊傟偽丄懱撪旐敇偺壜擻惈傕崅傑傞丅僂儔儞峼晇偺娫偱尠挊偵尒傜傟偨偺偑丄攛僈儞偱偁偭偨偙偲傪憐婲偱偒傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅傑偨堓傕丄恡憻偵偨偳傝偮偔傑偱偵捠夁偡傞憻婍偱偁傞丅崪偲娞憻偺僈儞傕丄曻幩惈撆惈偵傛偭偰堷偒婲偙偝傟傞壜擻惈偺偁傞傕偺偱偁傞丅偨偩偟傕偪傠傫偙偺傛偆側夝庍傪丄尷傜傟偨僨乕僞偐傜徹柧偡傞偺偑晄壜擻偱偁傞偙偲偼丄尵偆傑偱傕側偄丅

僀儔僋偺堦斒恖偺娫偱偺僈儞敪惗棪偺憹壛傪帵偡帒椏偑丄1998擭夛媍偵偍偄偰丄僥傿僋儕僢僩戝妛偺儌僴儈僪丒儅僟僟丒傾儖亖僕儍僽儕丄傾儖亖傾儞僽儖戝妛偺僀僽儔僸儉丒傾僽僪儖亖僇儕乕儉丒傾儖亖傾僯丄儌僗儖戝妛偺僒儕丒傾儀僪丒傾儖亖僕儏儊僀儕偺嫟摨尋媶偵傛偭偰帵偝傟偨丅偙偺尋媶僠乕儉偼丄儌僗儖巗偺巐偮偺昦堾偵偍偗傞19898寧偐傜19903寧傑偱偺僈儞徢椺審悢偺婰榐傪丄19977寧偐傜19983寧傑偱偺僈儞徢椺審悢偲斾妑偡傞偲偄偆嶌嬈傪峴偭偨丅偦偺寢壥偼昞15偺捠傝偱偁傞丅

 

15丂儌僗儖巗偺巐昦堾偵偍偗傞僈儞敪惗審悢偺斾妑(Al-Jebouri, Table 3傪傕偲偵昅幰偑嶌惉)[19]

昦柤乢擭

1989-90

1997-98

 

 

審悢

斾棪

審悢

斾棪

憹壛棪

斾棪忋徃棪

攛僈儞

27

13.5%

143

16.31%

5.29

1.21

儕儞僷庮

22

11.0%

95

10.83%

4.32

0.98

敀寣昦

21

10.5%

38

4.33%

1.81

0.41

岮摢僈儞

19

9.5%

84

9.58%

4.42

1.01

擕僈儞

17

8.5%

107

12.20%

6.29

1.44

銷泖僈儞

8

4.0%

33

3.76%

4.13

0.94

堓僈儞

8

4.0%

32

3.65%

4.00

0.91

崪僈儞

6

3.0%

15

1.71%

2.50

0.57

旂晢僈儞

6

3.0%

69

7.87%

11.50

2.62

捈挵僈儞

5

2.5%

27

3.08%

5.40

1.23

嵛娵僈儞

4

2.0%

9

1.03%

2.25

0.52

巕媨僈儞

3

1.5%

29

3.30%

9.67

2.20

怘摴僈儞

3

1.5%

26

2.96%

8.67

1.97

峛忬態僈儞

3

1.5%

16

1.82%

5.34

1.21

儐乕僀儞僌庮釃

3

1.5%

15

1.71%

5.00

1.14

戝挵僈儞

2

1.0%

12

1.37%

6.00

1.37

埆惈崪悜庮

2

1.0%

33

3.76%

16.50

3.76

暃恡庮

2

1.0%

14

1.60%

7.00

1.60

娞憻僈儞

1

0.5%

11

1.25%

11.00

2.50

棏憙僈儞

1

0.5%

16

1.82%

16.00

3.64

擃慻怐僈儞

1

0.5%

32

3.65%

32.00

7.30

恄宱夎[嵶朎]

1

0.5%

1

0.11%

1.00

0.22

汨栧庮釃

1

0.5%

20

2.28%

20.00

4.56

偦偺懠

34

17.0%

0

0%

-

-

憤寁

200

-

877

-

4.39

 

 

偙偺傛偆偵榩娸愴憟慜偺僈儞偺徢椺憤悢166偲斾傋偰丄1997-98擭偺877審偼丄4.39攞偺憹壛傪帵偟偰偄傞丅僌儔僼3偑帵偡傛偆偵丄1997-98擭偺僈儞偺徢椺偺拞偱嵟傕懡偐偭偨偺偑丄攛僈儞偱偁偭偨丅偦傟偵擕僈儞丄儕儞僷庮丄岮摢僈儞偑懕偄偨丅憹壛棪丒慡懱偺拞偱偺斾棪偺忋徃棪偱尒傞側傜偽丄攛僈儞傕斾妑揑崅偄偑丄栚棫偮偺偼擕僈儞丄旂晢僈儞丄巕媨僈儞丄怘摴僈儞丄擃慻怐僈儞側偳偱偁傠偆丅媡偵敀寣昦偺憹壛棪丒斾棪忋徃棪偼丄懠偲斾傋傟偽丄偐側傝掅偄偲尵偊傞丅

愭偵尒偨傾儖亖傾僯偺挷嵏偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵偝傜偝傟偰偄側偄恖乆偺廤抍偲斾傋偰傒傞側傜偽丄攛僈儞偑嵟傕懡偄僈儞偲側偭偰偄傞揰偱偼堦抳偡傞丅堓僈儞偼慡懱偺拞偱偺斾棪傕丄憹壛棪傕栚棫偭偨傕偺偱偼側偔丄偙偺揰偼傾儖亖傾僯偺挷嵏偲偼堎側偭偰偄傞偲尵偊傞丅偟偐偟敀寣昦偺憹壛棪偑掅偄偙偲偼丄堦抳揰偱偁傞丅側偍旂晢僈儞傕崅偄憹壛棪傪帵偟偰偄傞偑丄旂晢傊偺楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁傕丄晄梟惈僂儔儞偺曻幩惈撆惈偺応崌偵丄傛傝怺崗偵婋湝偝傟傞傕偺偱偁傞丅

傾儖亖僕儍僽儕傜偺曬崘偺拞偱嵟傕拲栚偡傋偒偼丄傾儖亖傾僯偺挷嵏偱偼挷嵏懳徾偲側傜側偐偭偨偨傔晄柧偱偁偭偨丄擕僈儞丄巕媨僈儞側偳偺憹壛棪偺崅偝偩傠偆丅椉幰偑彈惈偺娫偩偗偺僈儞偱偁傞偙偲傪峫偊傞偲丄偦偺敪惗悢傕嬌傔偰懡偄偲尵偊傞丅惗怋婍姱傊偺楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁偼丄懱撪偵拁愊偝傟偨曻幩惈撆惈偵傛偭偰堷偒婲偙偝傟傞寽擮偑偁傞傕偺偺堦偮偱偁傞丅暷崙偱偼傎偲傫偳偺尨巕楩偺晅嬤偱丄廧柉偺娫偺擕僈儞巰朣棪偑崅傑偭偨偲偄偆巜揈傕偁傞(Gould, pp. 118-120)

1998擭夛媍偺撪梕偵偼丄偦偺懠偵傕嫽枴怺偄傕偺偑偁偭偨丅儈僇僟儉丒M丒僒儗嫵庼偲傾僼儊僪丒J丒儊僋儚儖攷巑偺曬崘偵傛傟偽丄僀儔僋撿晹抧曽偺怘暔丒摦暔慻怐丄搚忞丄悈傪挷傋偨寢壥丄36.4%偺昗杮偐傜楎壔僂儔儞偺傕偺偲傒傜傟傞僂儔儞238宯楍偺摨埵懱偑尒偮偐偭偨偲偄偆丅斵傜偺帋嶼偵傛傟偽丄怘梡栰惗怉暔845,100僩儞傗31%偺摦暔帒尮偑僂儔儞238偵墭愼偝傟偰偄偨偲偄偆丅傑偨媧擖丄擏偺愛庢丄媿擕偺愛庢丄奜晹旐敇偺偦傟偧傟偱丄僶僗儔偲僘僶乕儖偲偄偆挰偱偼87.40.250.200.13mSv丄僒僼儚儞偱偼173.50.510.390.27mSv偺曻幩慄検偑悇掕偝傟傞偲偄偆丅偦偟偰15嵨埲壓偺梒帣丒帣摱偑丄憤検偺70%傪梺傃偨偲偄偆(Saleh and Meqwar; El-Bayoumi, p. S2)

1998擭夛媍偱曬崘偝傟偨撪梕偼丄偙偺傛偆偵偄偢傟傕楎壔僂儔儞旐奞偺戝偒偝傪帵偡廳梫側堄枴傪帩偭偰偄傞丅偟偐偟愴憟屻偺宱嵪惂嵸偺忦審壓偱側偝傟偨尋媶偼丄昁偢偟傕惛鉱偱懱宯揑偲偼尵偊側偄丅偄偢傟偺曬崘傕丄僈儞偺敪惗審悢偺憹壛偲楎壔僂儔儞偺場壥娭學傪廫暘偵徹柧偡傞傕偺偱偼側偔丄偝傜側傞曪妵揑側尋媶偵傛偭偰曗懌偝傟傞傋偒偩偲尵偊傞偩傠偆丅

 

係亅係丂僶儖僇儞敿搰偱巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺塭嬁

 

僶儖僇儞敿搰偱巊梡偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺検偼丄榩娸愴憟偱巊梡偝傟偨検偲斾傋偰丄憡懳揑偵偼彮側偄偺偱丄旐奞偑偁偭偨偲偟偰傕僀儔僋傎偳偵偼戝婯柾偱偼側偄偙偲偑梊憐偝傟傞丅偦傟偱傕婔偮偐偺尋媶偑丄楎壔僂儔儞偵傛偭偰堷偒婲偙偝傟偨偲峫偊傜傟傞曄壔偵偮偄偰巜揈偟偰偄傞丅偨偲偊偽掅儗儀儖曻幩慄僉儍儞儁乕儞(LLRC) 偼丄昞16偵帵偟偨儃僗僯傾丒僿儖僣僃僑價僫偺庱搒僒儔僄儃偵偍偗傞僈儞敪惗棪偺憹壛傪曬崘偟偰偄傞丅

 

161995擭偐傜2000擭偺僒儔僄儃偵偍偗傞奺庬僈儞偺憹壛(LLRC, 乬Cancer in Sarajevo乭)

昦柤乢擭

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

岥峯丒岮

1

-

-

2

4

4

徚壔婍

15

50

36

55

68

82

屇媧婍

12

15

20

34

44

51

旂晢丒枵懷

-

2

1

10

8

9

擕僈儞

3

11

14

29

34

37

 

擜惗怋婍

8

8

11

18

27

28

 

娽丒擼

3

-

1

2

1

4

 

儕儞僷

1

6

1

7

19

26

 

偦偺懠

-

1

11

18

11

7

 

崌寁

43

93

95

175

216

248

 

 

師偵偙偺摑寁傪傕偲偵偟偰丄奺庬僈儞偺憹壛棪偲丄奺庬僈儞偺慡懱偵懳偡傞峔惉斾棪傪僌儔僼壔偟偰傒傞丅僌儔僼3偺傛偆偵丄憹壛棪偵偮偄偰偼丄1995擭摉帪偺摑寁偺悢抣偑掅偄偺偱丄曗懌揑偵1996擭偐傜尒偨2000擭傑偱偺憹壛棪傪丄1995擭偐傜尒偨傕偺偲偁傢偣偰帵偟偰傒傞丅僌儔僼4偱偼丄1995擭帪揰偲丄2000擭帪揰偱偺峔惉斾棪傪帵偟偰偍偔丅

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

僌儔僼3丂僒儔僄儃偵偍偗傞奺庬僈儞偺1995擭偐傜2000擭偵偐偗偰偺憹壛棪丄1996擭偐傜2000擭偵偐偗偰偺憹壛棪乮昞16傪傕偲偵偟偰昅幰嶌惉乯

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

僌儔僼4丂僒儔僄儃偵偍偗傞奺庬僈儞偺1995擭偲2000擭帪揰偱偺峔惉斾棪乮昞16傪傕偲偵偟偰昅幰嶌惉乯

偙傟傜偺僌儔僼傪尒傞偲丄擕僈儞偲儕儞僷庮偑丄憹壛棪偵偍偄偰傕丄峔惉斾棪偵偍偄偰傕丄僶儖僇儞暣憟埲屻偵崅傑偭偰偄傞偙偲偑傢偐傞丅

丂側偍僀儔僋撿晹嵒敊抧懷偱偺寖偟偄愴摤偑曬摴偝傟偨榩娸愴憟偺応崌偲斾傋偰丄儃僗僯傾偺偳偺応強偱楎壔僂儔儞偑巊梡偝傟偨偐偼丄昁偢偟傕柧傜偐偱偼側偄丅NATO偐傜偺岞幃忣曬傪庴偗偰峴傢傟偰偄傞偼偢偺UNEP偺曬崘彂偺岞昞偑懸偨傟傞丅

 

係亅俆丂梊杊慬抲

 

偙傟傑偱偵傕僂儔儞擹弅丒壛岺岺応傗丄孯巤愝丄偦偟偰暫巑偺楎壔僂儔儞偵懳偡傞杊屼嶔偑媍榑偝傟偰偒偨丅偟偐偟楎壔僂儔儞墭愼抧堟偺廧柉偵懳偡傞慬抲偵偮偄偰偼丄傎偲傫偳媍榑偝傟偰偄側偄丅楎壔僂儔儞偑丄挿婜偵旐敇偟偨偲偒嵟傕寈夲傪梫偡傞掅儗儀儖曻幩慄偱偁傞偙偲傪峫偊傟偽丄偦傟偼婏柇偱偡傜偁傞晄岾側帠幚偱偁傞丅埲壓偵婰弎偡傞偺偼丄WHO偵傛偭偰帵偝傟偨拲堄帠崁傪傑偲傔偨傕偺偱偁傞(WHO, 13.3)

暣憟側偳偱楎壔僂儔儞偑曻弌偝傟偨晅嬤偺応強偵廧傓恖乆偵偼丄傑偢戝婥墭愼偵偮偄偰偺寈崘偑弌偝傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅嬶懱揑偵偼丄惗妶嬻娫偺枾晻丄壆奜偱偺儅僗僋偺拝梡丄壆奜愝抲暔丒堏摦暔偺愻忩丄側偳偺慬抲偑峫偊傜傟傞丅傕偟敡偵楎壔僂儔儞偑晅拝偟偨偐傕偟傟側偄嫲傟偑偁傞偲偒偼丄廫暘偵愻忩偡傞偙偲偑昁梫偱偁傞丅墭愼偺寖偟偄応強傪幵椉側偳偱捠峴偟偰偁傜偨側毢傪偨偰傞偙偲偼丄旔偗側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅墭愼応強傪摿掕偟丄娗棟偡傞偙偲偑昁梫偱偁傞丅摿偵巕偳傕偑墭愼応強偱梀傫偩傝偟側偄傛偆偵丄拲堄傪暐傢側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅壆奜偱巊梡偟偨堖暈側偳偼丄壆撪偵帩偪崬傑側偄傛偆偵偟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

埨慡偑妋徹偝傟傞傑偱偼悈摴悈傪堸傓偙偲偼峊偊丄彮側偔偲傕揔愗側僼傿儖僞乕傪巊梡偟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅墭愼抧堟偱嵧攟偝傟偨怘椏丄偁傞偄偼墭愼搚偺忋偵抲偐傟偨怘椏偵偼楎壔僂儔儞傪娷傓搚忞偑晅拝偟偰偄傞嫲傟偑偁傞偺偱丄傛偔愻忩偟丄昞柺偺旂側偳偼偼偑偟偰偐傜愛庢偟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

暣憟屻抧堟偵偼丄巊梡嵪傒楎壔僂儔儞朇抏乮娧捠懱乯傗楎壔僂儔儞墭愼暔幙丄偁傞偄偼偦傟傜偺攋曅偑丄巆偝傟偰偄傞丅恾12偺傛偆偵丄崙楢PKO孯娗棟壓偺抧堟偱偼丄偡偱偵楎壔僂儔儞墭愼婋尟応強偵偼丄抧棆抧懷偲摨偠傛偆偵丄棫偪擖傝嬛巭偺慬抲偑側偝傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟楎壔僂儔儞偑巊梡偝傟偨偲摿掕偝傟傞栚昗暔晅嬤埲奜偺応強偵傕丄栚昗暔傪偦傟偨朇抏傗丄敋敪偵傛偭偰旘嶶偟偨攋曅側偳偑嶶嵼偟偰偄傞壜擻惈偑偁傞丅楎壔僂儔儞偵偮偄偰抦幆偺側偄幰偑丄庤偱怗傜側偄傛偆偵丄拲堄偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅

 

15丂楎壔僂儔儞墭愼抧懷傊偺棫偪擖傝嬛巭傪帵偡昗幆丒儐乕僑僗儔價傾丒僐僜儃抧曽丒Radoniq/Radonjic (UNEP, 2001, p. 40)

 

尰嵼傑偱偺偲偙傠僂儔儞偺撆惈傪寉尭偡傞曽朄偼丄尒弌偝傟偰偄側偄丅傑偨恖懱偵偲傝偄傟傜傟偨僂儔儞傪彍嫀偟偨傝丄擜偐傜攔煏偡傞検傪憹壛偝偣偨傝偡傞曽朄傕丄傎偲傫偳懚嵼偟偰偄側偄丅傂偲偨傃懱撪偵庢傝擖傟傜傟偰偟傑偊偽丄偲傝偆傞偺偼懳張椕朄偩偗偱偁傞(WHO, 13.5.3)丅偟偨偑偭偰梊杊慬抲偺廳梫惈偼丄嵟戝尷偵嫮挷偝傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅


戞俆復丂楎壔僂儔儞偑崙嵺朄忋帩偮堄枴

 

偙偙傑偱楎壔僂儔儞偑偳偺傛偆側惈幙傪帩偪丄偳偺傛偆偵棙梡偝傟丄偳偺傛偆側塭嬁傪恖懱偵梌偊偆傞偺偐傪尒偰偒偨丅偦傟偵傛偭偰楎壔僂儔儞偑妀暫婍丒尨巕椡敪揹偺暃嶻暔偲偟偰尰戙幮夛偵峔憿揑偵撪嵼偡傞栤戣偲偟偰惗傒弌偝傟偰偒偨偙偲丄孯帠暫婍偵棙梡偝傟偰崅偄岠壥傪傕偨傜偡偙偲丄偦偟偰愽嵼揑偵恖懱偵奞傪媦傏偡偙偲傪妋擣偟偰偒偨丅

偙偺傛偆偵惈奿偯偗傜傟傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡傪峫偊傞偵偁偨偭偰丄堦偮偺巜恓偲側傞偺偑丄崙嵺朄偱偁傞丅壥偨偟偰崙嵺朄偼楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪梕擣偟偰偄傞偺偐丄偁傞偄偼巊梡崙偑柍帇偟偰偄傞偩偗偱丄杮棃偱偁傟偽楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼崙嵺朄堘斀側偺偐丅傑偨楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑偙傟傑偱崙嵺朄偑抦傝偊側偐偭偨栤戣偱偁傞偲偡傟偽丄崙嵺朄偼偙偺栤戣偵懳墳偡傞偨傔偵丄壗傜偐偺恑揥傪悑偘側偔偰偼側傜側偄偺偐丅

杮復偼偙偺傛偆側栤戣堄幆偵偟偨偑偭偰丄崙嵺朄偐傜尒偨楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺栤戣偵偮偄偰峫嶡偡傞丅

 

俆亅侾丂楎壔僂儔儞暫婍崌朄榑

 

暷崙傗塸崙側偳偼丄摉慠側偑傜楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼崙嵺朄偵掞怗偟偰偄側偄偲偺棫応傪偲偭偰偄傞丅楎壔僂儔儞偺恖懱傊偺塭嬁偼尷掕揑側傕偺偵偲偳傑傞偲偺廬棃偺尒夝偐傜丄偦傕偦傕楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑堷偒婲偙偡栤戣帺懱偑怺崗側傕偺偱偼側偄偲傕峫偊偰偄傞丅偟偐傕偨偲偊楎壔僂儔儞偑曻幩惈暔幙偱偁傞偲偟偰傕丄偦傟偼愴応偱偺曻幩慄曻弌傪栚揑偲偟偰梡偄傜傟傞偺偱偼側偔丄偁偔傑偱傕娧捠懱偲偟偰梡偄傜傟傞偺偱丄尰懚偺楎壔僂儔儞傪棙梡偟偨暫婍偼堘朄偱偼側偄偲帵嵈偡傞丅傑偨偝傜偵丄壖偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑壗傜偐偺奞傪暣憟憡庤崙偺暫巑傗巗柉偩偗偱偼側偔丄帺孯偺暫巑偵傕梌偊偰偄傞偲偟偰傕丄尰嵼偺崙嵺朄偵偼丄曗彏傗愴応偵巆偝傟偨楎壔僂儔儞暫婍彍嫀傪媊柋偯偗傞傛偆側婯懃偼懚嵼偟側偄偲庡挘偡傞偙偲傕丄崌朄榑幰偼壜擻偩偲峫偊傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅

偙偙偱榑揰偲側傞偺偼丄偨偲偊偽1992擭壔妛暫婍嬛巭忦栺偱偁傠偆丅摨忦栺戞2忦偼丄乽壔妛暫婍乿傪師偺傛偆偵掕傔偰偄傞丅彮偟挿偔側傞偑丄堷梡偟偰偍偙偆丅

 

1丂亀壔妛暫婍亁偲偼丄師偺暔傪崌傢偣偨傕偺枖偼師偺暔傪屄暿偵偄偆丅

丂丂(a)丂撆惈壔妛暔幙媦傃偦偺慜嬱暔幙丅偨偩偟丄偙偺忦栺偵傛偭偰嬛巭偝傟偰偄側偄栚揑偺偨傔偺傕偺偱偁傝丄偐偮丄庬椶媦傃検偑摉奩栚揑偵揔崌偡傞応崌傪彍偔丅

丂丂(b)丂抏栻椶媦傃憰抲偱偁偭偰丄偦偺巊梡偺寢壥曻弌偝傟傞偙偲偲側傞(a)偵婯掕偡傞撆惈壔妛暔幙偺撆惈偵傛偭偰丄巰偦偺懠偺奞傪堷偒婲偙偡傛偆偵摿暿偵愝寁偝傟偨傕偺丅

丂丂(c)(b)偵婯掕偡傞抏栻椶媦傃憰抲偺巊梡偵捈愙娭楢偟偰巊梡偡傞傛偆偵摿暿偵愝寁偝傟偨憰抲丅

2丂亀撆惈壔妛暔幙亁偲偼丄惗柦妶摦偵懳偡傞壔妛嶌梡偵傛傝丄恖枖偼摦暔偵懳偟丄巰丄堦帪揑偵婡擻傪挊偟偔奞偡傞忬懺枖偼峆媣揑側奞傪堷偒婲偙偟摼傞壔妛暔幙乮尨椏媦傃惢朄偺偄偐傫傪栤傢偢丄傑偨丄巤愝撪丄抏栻撪偦偺懠偺偄偐側傞応強偵偍偄偰惗嶻偝傟傞偐傪栤傢側偄丅乯傪偄偆丅丒丒丒

3丂亀慜嬱暔幙亁偲偼丄撆惈壔妛暔幙偺惗嶻乮惢朄偺偄偐傫傪栤傢側偄丅乯偺偄偢傟偐偺抜奒偱娭梌偡傞壔妛斀墳懱傪偄偆傕偺偲偟丄擇惉暘枖偼懡惉暘偺壔妛宯偺昁恵惉暘傪娷傓丅丒丒丒

4丂亀擇惉暘枖偼懡惉暘偺壔妛宯偺昁恵惉暘亁乮埲壓亀昁恵惉暘亁偲偄偆丅乯偲偼丄嵟廔惗惉暔偺撆惈傪寛掕偡傞忋偱嵟傕廳梫側栶妱傪壥偨偟丄偐偮丄擇惉暘枖偼懡惉暘偺壔妛宯偺拞偱懠偺壔妛暔幙偲懍傗偐偵斀墳偡傞慜嬱暔幙傪偄偆丅

丂丒丒丒

9丂亀偙偺忦栺偵傛偭偰嬛巭偝傟偰偄側偄栚揑亁偲偼丄師偺傕偺傪偄偆丅

丂丂(a)丂岺嬈丄擾嬈丄尋媶丄堛椕枖偼惢栻偺栚揑偦偺懠偺暯榓揑栚揑

丂丂(b)丂杊岇栚揑丄偡側傢偪丄撆惈壔妛暔幙媦傃壔妛暫婍偵懳偡傞杊岇偵捈愙娭學偡傞栚揑

丂丂(c)丂壔妛暫婍偺巊梡偵娭楢偣偢丄偐偮丄壔妛暔幙偺撆惈傪愴憟偺曽朄偲偟偰棙梡偡傞傕偺偱偼側偄孯帠揑栚揑丒丒丒乿

 

楎壔僂儔儞暫婍崌朄榑幰偼丄傑偢娧捠懱偲偟偰巊梡偝傟偰偄傞傛偆側検偺楎壔僂儔儞偑乽惗柦妶摦偵懳偡傞壔妛嶌梡偵傛傝丄恖枖偼摦暔偵懳偟丄巰丄堦帪揑偵婡擻傪挊偟偔奞偡傞忬懺枖偼峆媣揑側奞傪堷偒婲偙偟偆傞乿偙偲傪斲掕偡傞偩傠偆丅偙偺揰偵娭偟偰偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偵娭偡傞壢妛揑側挷嵏偑嶲徠偝傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

傕偟堦掕偺奞偑堷偒婲偙偝傟傞偙偲偑徹柧偝傟丄偙偺22崁偵楎壔僂儔儞偑奩摉偡傞嫲傟偑偁傞応崌偱傕丄崌朄榑幰偼埶慠偲偟偰丄21(b)(c)傪墖梡偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丄偲庡挘偱偒傞偩傠偆丅側偤側傜栚昗暔傊偺拝抏偵傛偭偰曻弌偝傟傞楎壔僂儔儞偼丄乽巰偦偺懠偺奞傪堷偒婲偙偡傛偆偵摿暿偵愝寁偝傟偨傕偺乿偱偼側偄偐傜偱偁傞丅傑偨偝傜偵撆惈偱偼側偔丄廳検丒枾搙偺偨傔偵娧捠懱偲偟偰梡偄傜傟偰偄傞楎壔僂儔儞偼丄29(c)偺乽壔妛暫婍偺巊梡偵娭楢偣偢丄偐偮丄壔妛暔幙偺撆惈傪愴憟偺曽朄偲偟偰棙梡偡傞傕偺偱偼側偄孯帠揑栚揑乿偵奩摉偟丄乽偙偺忦栺偵傛偭偰嬛巭偝傟偰偄側偄栚揑乿偺偨傔偵巊梡偝傟傞壔妛暔幙偩偲峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偺偱偁傞丅

偙偺傛偆偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑廬棃偼梊憐偝傟偰偄側偄宍偱奞傪媦傏偡偙偲偑寽擮偝傟傞暫婍偱偁傞偨傔偵丄婛懚偺忦栺傪揔梡偡傞偙偲偵偼崲擄偑梊憐偝傟傞丅傕偪傠傫朄夝庍媄弍偵傛偭偰丄壔妛暫婍嬛巭忦栺側偳傪楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵揔梡偡傞偙偲偼晄壜擻偱偼側偄偐傕偟傟側偄丅傕偪傠傫楎壔僂儔儞偺奞偑偝傜偵壢妛揑偵徹柧偝傟丄偦偺擣抦偑崙嵺揑偵恑傔偽丄彮側偔偲傕彨棃偺晲椡暣憟偵偍偗傞忦栺揔梡壜擻惈偵偼曄壔偑惗偠傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅偟偐偟尰帪揰偱偼丄尰幚揑側愢摼椡傪丄巊梡崙惌晎側偳偺楎壔僂儔儞崌朄榑幰偵懳偟偰帩偮偙偲偼娙扨偱偼側偄偩傠偆丅

 

俆亅俀丂楎壔僂儔儞暫婍堘朄榑

 

偦傟偱偼壥偨偟偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偼丄崙嵺朄忋丄堘朄偱偼側偄偺偩傠偆偐丅崙楢恖尃彫埾堳夛偱偺彆尵揑妶摦側偳傪捠偠偰丄憗偔偐傜朄棩揑娤揰偐傜楎壔僂儔儞堘朄榑傪揥奐偟偰偒偨曎岇巑偺僇儗儞丒僷乕僇乕偼丄尰嵼偺崙嵺恖摴朄偵偰傜偟偰楎壔僂儔儞偼柧敀偵堘朄偱偁傞偲庡挘偟偰偒偰偄傞丅偟偐傕尰懚偺崙嵺朄偵偰傜偟偰堘朄偱偁傞偺偱丄怴偨側嬛巭忦栺偼晄昁梫偱偁傞偽偐傝偱偼側偔丄傓偟傠岆偭偨報徾傪梌偊偰丄忦栺旕壛柨崙偵巊梡偺岥幚傪梌偊偰偟傑偆偲庡挘偟偰偄傞丅

偙偙偱憐婲偝傟傞偺偼丄1996擭偺崙嵺巌朄嵸敾強(International Court of Justice: ICJ)偺乽妀暫婍偺巊梡偍傛傃巊梡偺埿奷偵娭偡傞姪崘揑堄尒乿偱偁傠偆丅妀暫婍傕傑偨丄柧帵揑側嬛巭忦栺傪帩偨側偄暫婍偱偁傞丅偟偐偟堄尒捖弎傪峴偭偨懡悢偺彅崙偲丄栺敿悢偺ICJ敾帠偼丄妀暫婍傪崙嵺朄偵掞怗偟側偄宍偱巊梡偡傞偙偲偼晄壜擻偩偲峫偊偨丅偨偩偟拲堄偡傋偒偼丄壖偵崙嵺恖摴朄偺娤揰偐傜妀暫婍偺崌朄揑巊梡偑帠幚忋晄壜擻偩偲偟偰傕丄妀暫婍偲偄偆暫婍偦傟帺懱傪堘朄壔偡傞偙偲偵捈寢偡傞偲偼尷傜側偄丅偁傞暫婍傪崌朄揑偵巊梡偡傞偙偲偑帠幚忋傎偲傫偳晄壜擻偩偲偄偆偙偲偼丄偦偺晲婍偺懚嵼帺懱偑堘朄偩偲偄偆偙偲偲摨偠偱偼側偄丅偮傑傝妀暫婍偲摨條偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵娭偟偰栤戣偵側傞偺偼丄暫婍偺奐敪丒強桳偑嬛偠傜傟偰偄傞偐偳偆偐偱偼側偔乮偙偺栤戣偼尰懚偺崙嵺恖摴朄偱偼埖偊側偄偲巚傢傟傞乯丄偦偺暫婍傪崌朄揑偵巊梡偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偐偳偆偐側偺偱偁傞丅偦偟偰偝傜偵妀暫婍偱偁傟偽丄峀搰丒挿嶈傊偺尨敋搳壓偺傛偆側嬶懱揑帠椺偵偍偄偰丄楎壔僂儔儞偱偁傟偽丄榩娸愴憟帪偺嬶懱揑帠椺偵偍偄偰丄壥偨偟偰崙嵺朄偵堘斀偟側偄宍偱幚嵺偵巊傢傟偨偐偳偆偐偑栤戣偵側傞乮幝揷丄2001a2001b乯丅

楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺懚嵼帺懱傪側偔偦偆偲偡傞偺偱偁傟偽丄妋偐偵晛曊揑側嬛巭忦栺偑昁梫偵側傞丅傑偨孭楙帪側偳傕娷傔偨偁傜備傞応柺偱偺楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡傪堘朄壔偡傞偺偱偁傟偽丄傗偼傝摿暿側忦栺偑昁梫偵側傞偩傠偆丅尰懚偺崙嵺恖摴朄偺榞慻傒偺拞偱楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪婯惂偟傛偆偲偡傞偙偲偼丄偁偔傑偱傕楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡傪栤戣偵偡傞偲偄偆偙偲側偺偱偁傞丅

偟偨偑偭偰崙嵺恖摴朄偲楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺娭學偱栤傢傟傞偺偼丄傑偢崙嵺恖摴朄婯掕偺拞偵丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺愴応偱偺巊梡偵丄娭傢傞傕偺偑偁傞偐偳偆偐偲偄偆揰偱偁傞丅傕偟娭傢傞傕偺偑偁傞偲偡傟偽丄偦傟偼楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺偁傜備傞巊梡曽朄傪堘朄偲偡傞傕偺側偺偐偳偆偐偑栤戣偵側傝丄偝傜偵傕偟楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺崌朄揑巊梡偺壜擻惈偑偁傞偲偡傟偽丄偳偺傛偆側巊梡曽朄偑堘朄偩偲尵偊傞偺偐偑栤傢傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

寢榑傪愭庢傝偟偰弎傋偰偍偗偽丄戞堦偵丄婔偮偐偺崙嵺恖摴朄婯掕偑丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偵娭傢偭偰偄傞偙偲偼娫堘偄偑側偄偩傠偆丅戞擇偵丄偟偐偟崙嵺恖摴朄偵偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺偁傜備傞応柺偱偺巊梡傪堘朄偲愰尵偡傞偙偲偼偱偒側偄偩傠偆丅側偤側傜屄暿揑側巊梡偺応柺傪憐掕偡傞偙偲側偔偟偰偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺堘朄側巊梡傪擣掕偡傞偙偲偼偱偒側偄偐傜偱偁傞丅戞嶰偵丄壖偵偦傟偑偳傟偩偗擄偟偄偲偟偰傕丄崙嵺恖摴朄偺梫惪傪枮偨偟偨宍偱偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偑壜擻偱偁傟偽丄崌朄揑側巊梡曽朄傕偁傞偲偄偆偙偲偵側傞丅彮側偔偲傕棟榑揑側壜擻惈偲偟偰偺崌朄揑巊梡傪姰慡偵斲掕偡傞偙偲偼丄崙嵺恖摴朄偺娤揰偐傜偼丄偱偒側偄偩傠偆丅偦偆側傞偲楎壔僂儔儞偺堘朄側巊梡偲崌朄揑側巊梡傪暘偗傞崙嵺恖摴朄偺婯掕偼壗側偺偐丄偲偄偆偙偲偑専摙偝傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅嬶懱揑偵偳偺婯掕偵傛偭偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偑婯惂偝傟傞偺偐偼丄屄乆偺忦暥傪尒傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄妋擣偟偰偄偔偙偲偵偟傛偆丅

崙嵺恖摴朄偲偼丄晲椡暣憟偵娭偡傞朄懱宯偺偙偲偱偁傝丄愴憟庤抜傗峴堊偺婯惂偵娭偡傞朄婯斖傪巜偡丅偟偨偑偭偰惗暔丒壔妛暫婍偺傛偆偵摿掕偺忦栺偵傛偭偰嬛巭偝傟偰偄傞傢偗偱偼側偄捠忢暫婍傪巊梡偡傞応崌偱傕丄偦偺巊梡曽朄偵傛偭偰偼丄崙嵺恖摴朄堘斀偲側傞丅崙嵺恖摴朄偺廳戝側堘斀偺応崌丄堘斀峴堊傪峴偭偨幰偼丄愴憟斊嵾恖偲偟偰張敱偝傟傞偙偲偵側傞丅偡偱偵戞擇師悽奅戝愴屻偺僯儏儖儞儀儖僌嵸敾偲搶嫗嵸敾偑愴憟斊嵾恖偺張敱傪峴偭偨偑丄1993擭偵偼媽儐乕僑僗儔價傾崙嵺孻帠朄掛(International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: ICTY)丄梻擭偵偼儖儚儞僟崙嵺孻帠朄掛(International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: ICTR)偑丄崙楢埨慡曐忈棟帠夛寛媍偵傛傞崙楢寷復7復偺乽嫮惂慬抲乿偲偟偰愝棫偝傟偨丅2002擭偵偼丄忢愝偺崙嵺孻帠嵸敾強(International Criminal Court: ICC)偑懡崙娫忦栺偵傛偭偰愝棫偝傟偨丅偙傟傜偺崙嵺朄掛偵偍偄偰嵸偐傟傞偺偼丄乽恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾乿丄乽僕僃僲僒僀僪嵾乿丄乽愴憟朄婯姷椺偺廳戝堘斀乿偱偁傞丅

偙傟傜偺嵾忬偺偆偪丄傑偢僕僃僲僒僀僪嵾偵偮偄偰偼丄僕僃僲僒僀僪乮戝検媠嶦乯偺梫審偲偟偰摿掕偺廤抍偵懳偡傞戝検媠嶦偺堄恾偑朄揑偵媮傔傜傟偰偍傝丄娧捠懱偲偟偰楎壔僂儔儞傪巊梡偡傞応崌丄揔梡偼擄偟偄偲尵偊傞偩傠偆丅恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾偼丄朄揑偵偼僕僃僲僒僀僪嵾偵偁偨傜側偄偑怺崗側嵾傪昞尰偡傞偨傔偵梡偄傜傟傞偑丄偦偺撪梕偑昁偢偟傕柧妋偱偼側偔丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺堘朄惈偵娭偡傞媍榑偵揔梡偡傞偙偲偼晄壜擻偱偼側偄偑丄尰幚揑偵偼崲擄偱偁傠偆[20]1996擭偺妀暫婍偵娭偡傞崙嵺巌朄嵸敾強姪崘揑堄尒偱憟傢傟偨傛偆偵丄栤戣偲側傞偺偼懠偺崙嵺恖摴朄婯掕偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑掞怗偟側偄偐偳偆偐偲偄偆揰偩偲巚傢傟傞丅偮傑傝楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑娭學偟偰偔傞偺偼丄愴憟朄婯姷椺偺堘斀偩偲偄偆偵側傞丅愴憟朄婯姷椺偵偼丄懡偔偺忦栺偑娷傑傟傞偑丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵娭學偟偰偄傞偲峫偊傞偙偲偺偱偒傞傕偺傪楍嫇偟偰傒傞偲丄昞17偺傛偆偵側傞丅

 

17丂楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偵娭楢偡傞忦栺

嶌惉擭

忦栺柤

1868

僙儞僩丒僺乕僞乕僗僽儖僌愰尵

乧暥柧偺恑曕偼偱偒傞尷傝愴憟偺嶴壭傪寉尭偡傞岠壥傪傕偮傋偒偱偁傞偙偲丄愴憟拞偵崙壠偑払惉偡傞偨傔偵搘傔傞傋偒桞堦偺惓摉側栚揑偼揋偺孯帠椡傪庛傔傞偙偲偱偁傞偙偲丄偦偺偨傔偵偼偱偒傞偩偗懡悢偺幰傪愴摤奜偵偍偗偽懌傝傞偙偲丄偡偱偵愴摤奜偵偍偐傟偨幰偺嬯捝傪柍塿偵憹戝偟枖偼偦偺巰傪晄壜旔側傜偟傔傞暫婍偺巊梡偼丄偙偺栚揑偺斖埻傪墇偊傞偙偲丄偦傟屘丄偦偺傛偆側暫婍偺巊梡偼恖摴偺朄懃偵斀偡傞偙偲乧乿

1899

棨愴偺朄婯姷椺偵娭偡傞忦栺丄晬懏婯懃乮僴乕僌婯懃乯

1907

棨愴僲朄婯姷椺僯娭僗儖忦栺

[儅儖僥儞僗忦崁]堦憌姰旛僔僞儖愴憟朄婯僯娭僗儖朄揟僲惂掕僙儔儖儖僯帄儖枠僴丄掲栺崙僴丄懘僲嵦梡僔僞儖忦婯僯娷儅儗僒儖応崌僯墬僥儌丄恖柉媦岎愴幰僇埶慠暥柧崙僲娫僯懚棫僗儖姷廗丄恖摴僲朄懃媦岞嫟椙怱僲梫媮儓儕惗僗儖崙嵺朄僲尨懃僲曐岇媦巟攝僲壓僯棫僣僐僩儝妋擣僗儖儝埲僥揔摉僩擣儉丅乧

忦栺晬懏彂丗棨愴僲朄婯姷椺僯娭僗儖婯懃

22[奞揋庤抜偺惂尷]岎愴幰僴丄奞揋庤抜僲慖戰僯晅丄柍惂尷僲尃棙儝桳僗儖儌僲僯旕僗丅

23[嬛巭帠崁]摿暿僲忦栺儝埲僥掕儊僞儖嬛巭僲奜丄摿僯嬛巭僗儖僲嵍僲擛僔丅

撆枖僴撆儝巤僔僞儖暫婍儝巊梡僗儖僐僩乧

晄昁梫僲嬯捝儝梌僼僿僉暫婍丄搳幩暔懘僲懠僲暔幙儝巊梡僗儖僐僩乧

1925

拏懅惈僈僗丄撆惈僈僗枖偼偙傟傜偵椶偡傞僈僗媦傃嵶嬠妛揑庤抜偺愴憟偵偍偗傞巊梡偺嬛巭偵娭偡傞媍掕彂乮撆僈僗巊梡嬛巭媍掕彂乯

拏懅惈僈僗丄撆惈僈僗枖偼偙傟傜偵椶偡傞僈僗媦傃偙傟傜偲椶帡偺偡傋偰偺塼懱丄暔幙枖偼峫埬傪愴憟偵巊梡偡傞偙偲乧傪嬛巭偡傞ゥ

1977

崙嵺揑晲椡暣憟偺媇惖幰偺曐岇偵娭偟丄堦嬨巐嬨擭敧寧堦擇擔偺僕儏僱乕償彅忦栺偵捛壛偝傟傞媍掕彂乮戞堦捛壛媍掕彂乯

1[堦斒尨懃媦傃揔梡斖埻]2  暥柉媦傃愴摤堳偼丄偙偺媍掕彂枖偼懠偺崙嵺庢嬌偑偦偺懳徾偲偟偰偄側偄応崌偵偍偄偰傕丄妋棫偟偨姷廗丄恖摴偺彅尨懃媦傃岞嫟偺椙怱偺梫媮偵桼棃偡傞崙嵺朄偺尨懃偵婎偯偔曐岇暲傃偵巟攝偺壓偵抲偐傟傞丅乧

35[婎杮尨懃]1  偄偐側傞晲椡暣憟偵偍偄偰傕丄暣憟摉帠崙偑愴憟偺曽朄媦傃庤抜傪慖傇尃棙偼丄柍惂尷偱偼側偄丅

2  偦偺惈幙忋夁搙偺彎奞枖偼柍梡偺嬯捝傪梌偊傞暫婍丄搳幩暔媦傃暔幙暲傃偵愴憟偺曽朄傪梡偄傞偙偲偼丄嬛巭偡傞丅

3  帺慠娐嫬偵懳偟偰峀斖側丄挿婜揑側偐偮怺崗側懝奞傪梌偊傞偙偲傪栚揑偲偡傞枖偼梌偊傞偙偲偑梊憐偝傟傞愴憟偺曽朄枖偼庤抜傪梡偄傞偙偲偼丄嬛巭偡傞丅

36[怴暫婍]掲栺崙偼丄怴偟偄暫婍丄愴憟偺庤抜庒偟偔偼曽朄偺尋媶丄奐敪丄庢摼枖偼嵦梡偵摉偨偭偰偼丄偦偺巊梡偑丄庒姳偺応崌枖偼偡傋偰偺応崌偵丄偙偺媍掕彂枖偼摉奩掲栺崙偵揔梡偝傟傞崙嵺朄偺懠偺婯惂偵傛偭偰嬛巭偝傟偰偄傞偐嬛巭偝傟偰偄側偄偐傪寛掕偡傞媊柋傪晧偆丅乧

51忦乵暥柉偨傞廧柉偺曐岇乶侾  暥柉偨傞廧柉媦傃屄乆偺暥柉偼丄孯帠峴摦偐傜惗偢傞婋尟偵懳偟偰堦斒揑曐岇傪嫕桳偡傞丅乧

5丂摿偵丄師偺宍懺偺峌寕偼丄柍嵎暿偲傒側偝傟傞丅

(a)      

(b)     梊婜偝傟傞嬶懱揑偐偮捈愙揑側孯帠揑棙塿偲偺斾妑偵偍偄偰丄夁搙偵丄姫揧偊偵傛傞暥柉偺巰朣丄暥柉偺彎奞丄柉梡暔偺懝彎丄枖偼偙傟傜偺暋崌偟偨帠懺傪堷偒婲偡偙偲偑梊應偝傟傞峌寕ゥ

54忦乵暥柉偨傞廧柉偺惗懚偵晄壜寚側暔偺曐岇乶乧俀  暥柉偨傞廧柉枖偼揋懳偡傞暣憟摉帠崙偵懳偟丄惗柦堐帩庤抜偲偟偰偺壙抣傪斲掕偡傞偲偄偆摿暿偺栚揑偺偨傔丄怘椘丄擾嶌暔惗嶻梡偺擾嬈抧堟丄嶌暔丄壠抺丄堸椏悈偺巤愝媦傃嫙媼愝旛丄暲傃偵燇燆愝旛偺傛偆側丄暥柉偨傞廧柉偺惗懚偵晄壜寚側暔傪峌寕偟丄攋夡偟丄堏摦丂偝偣枖偼栶偵棫偨側偔偡傞偙偲偼丄乧偦偺摦婡偺偄偐傫傪栤傢偢丄嬛巭偡傞丅乧

55忦乵帺慠娐嫬偺曐岇乶侾  愴憟偵偍偄偰偼丄峀斖側丄挿婜揑側偐偮怺崗側懝奞偐傜帺慠娐嫬傪曐岇偡傞偨傔丄拲堄傪暐傢側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅偙偺曐岇偼丄帺慠娐嫬偵懳偟偰偦偺傛偆側懝奞傪惗偤偟傔丄偐偮偦傟偵傛偭偰廧柉偺寬峃庒偟偔偼惗懚傪奞偡傞偙偲傪堄恾偟偨枖偼奞偡傞偙偲偑梊應偝傟傞愴憟偺曽朄枖偼庤抜偺巊梡偺嬛巭傪娷傓丅ゥ

57忦乵峌寕偺嵺偺梊杊慬抲乶乧

2丂峌寕偵偮偄偰偼師偺梊杊慬抲傪偲傜側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

(a)        峌寕傪寁夋偟枖偼寛掕偡傞幰偼丄ゥ

(ii)丂峌寕偺庤抜媦傃曽朄偺慖戰偵摉偨偭偰偼丄姫揧偊偵傛傞暥柉偺巰朣丄暥柉偺彎奞媦傃柉梡暔偺懝彎傪旔偗丄傑偨丄偁傜備傞応崌偵偦傟傜傪嵟彫尷偵偡傞偨傔偵丄偡傋偰偺幚峴壜擻側梊杊慬抲傪偲傜側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

(iii)丂梊婜偝傟傞嬶懱揑偐偮捈愙揑側孯帠揑棙塿偲偺斾妑偵偍偄偰丄夁搙偵丄姫揧偊偵傛傞暥柉偺巰朣丄暥柉偺懝彎丄柉梡暔偺懝彎枖偼偦傟傜偺暋崌偟偨帠懺傪堷偒婲偡偙偲偑梊應偝傟傞峌寕偺奐巒寛掕傪嵎峊偊側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

(b)丂栚昗偑孯帠栚昗偱側偄偙偲庒偟偔偼摿暿偺曐岇傪庴偗傞傕偺偱偁傞偙偲丄枖偼丄峌寕偑梊婜偝傟傞嬶懱揑偐偮捈愙揑側孯帠揑棙塿偲偺斾妑偵偍偄偰丄夁搙偵姫揧偊偵傛傞暥柉偺巰朣丄暥柉偺懝奞丄柉梡暔偺懝彎庒偟偔偼偙傟傜偺暋崌偟偨帠懺傪堷偒婲偡偙偲偑梊應偝傟傞偙偲偑柧敀偲側偭偨応崌偵偼丄峌寕傪庢徚偟枖偼掆巭偟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

(c)丂暥柉偨傞廧柉偵塭嬁傪媦傏偡峌寕偵偮偄偰偼丄忬嫷偺嫋偡尷傝丄岠壥揑側帠慜偺寈崘傪梌偊側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

3丂摨條偺孯帠揑棙塿傪摼傞偨傔偵丄婔偮偐偺孯帠栚昗偵偮偄偰慖戰偑壜擻側応崌偵偼丄慖戰偡傋偒栚昗偼丄偦偺峌寕偑暥柉偺惗柦媦傃柉梡暔偵嵟彫偺婋尟傪傕偨傜偡栚昗偱側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

4丂暣憟摉帠崙偼丄奀枖偼嬻偵偍偗傞孯帠峴摦傪幚巤偡傞嵺偵偼丄晲椡暣憟偺嵺偵揔梡偝傟傞崙嵺朄偺婯懃偵婎偯偔尃棙媦傃媊柋偵廬偭偰暥柉偺巰朣媦傃柉梡暔偺懝彎傪旔偗傞偨傔偵偡傋偰偺崌棟揑側梊杊慬抲傪偲傜側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

1977

旕崙嵺揑晲椡暣憟偺媇惖幰偺曐岇偵娭偟丄堦嬨巐嬨擭敧寧堦擇擔偺僕儏僱乕償彅忦栺偵捛壛偝傟傞媍掕彂乮戞擇捛壛媍掕彂乯

13忦乵暥柉偨傞廧柉偺曐岇乶侾  暥柉偨傞廧柉媦傃屄乆偺暥柉偼丄孯帠峴摦偐傜惗偢傞婋尟偵懳偟偰堦斒揑曐岇傪嫕桳偡傞丅偙偺曐岇傪幚岠揑側傕偺偵偡傞偨傔偵丄師偺婯懃偑丄偡傋偰偺応崌偵偍偄偰丄弲庣偝傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

 

僙儞僩丒僺乕僞乕僗僽儖僌愰尵偺惛恄傪宲彸偟偨丄1907擭棨愴偺朄婯姷椺偵娭偡傞忦栺偺乽儅儖僥儞僗忦崁乿偼丄崙嵺恖摴朄偑堦斒揑儗儀儖偱揔梡偝傟傞偙偲傪愰尵偟偨丅偁傞晲婍偺婯惂偵娭偡傞忦栺偑側偄偙偲偼丄偦偺晲婍偺巊梡偑崌朄揑偱偁傞偙偲傪堄枴偡傞傢偗偱偼側偄丅怴偟偄暫婍偑怴偟偄曽朄偱梡偄傜傟偨応崌偱傕丄乽暥柧崙偺娫偵懚偡傞姷廗丄恖摴偺朄懃媦岞嫟椙怱偺梫媮傛傝惗偢傞崙嵺朄偺尨懃偺曐岇媦巟攝偺壓偵棫偮偙偲乿偑梫惪偝傟傞偐傜偱偁傞丅偮傑傝偨偲偊楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪嬛巭偡傞忦栺偑側偔偰傕丄偦傟偑乽姷廗丒恖摴偺朄懃丒岞嫟椙怱偺梫媮乿偵斀偡傞偙偲偑徹柧偝傟傞偺偱偁傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偼堘朄偲偝傟偆傞丅

偝傜偵棨愴偺朄婯姷椺偵娭偡傞婯懃偼丄戞22忦偵偍偄偰丄乽奞揋庤抜偺慖戰乿丄偮傑傝巊梡偡傞晲婍偺慖戰偵娭偟偰丄乽柍惂尷偺尃棙傪桳偡傞傢偗偱偼側偄乿偙偲偑掕傔傜傟偰偄傞丅側偤側傜偽偨偲偊偽戞23忦偑帵偡傛偆偵丄乽撆枖偼撆傪巤偟偨暫婍傪巊梡偡傞偙偲乿偼嬛巭偝傟丄乽晄昁梫側嬯捝傪梌偊傞暫婍乿丄偮傑傝乽揋偺孯帠椡傪庛傔傞乿偲偄偆乽桞堦偺惓摉側栚揑乿偐傜偼晄昁梫側岠壥偱揋傪奞偡傞暫婍偼丄嬛巭偝傟偰偄傞偐傜偱偁傞丅偟偨偑偭偰彅崙偼壗偺惂尷傕側偔楎壔僂儔儞傪帺桼偵孯帠棙梡偱偒傞傢偗偱偼側偔丄楎壔僂儔儞偑乽撆傪巤偟偨暫婍乿偱偼側偄偙偲丄偦偟偰乽晄昁梫側嬯捝傪梌偊傞暫婍乿偱偼側偄偙偲傪丄徹柧偟側偗傟偽側傜側偄偺偱偁傞丅

1925擭撆僈僗巊梡嬛巭媍掕彂偼丄乽拏懅惈僈僗丄撆惈僈僗枖偼偙傟傜偵椶偡傞僈僗媦傃偙傟傜偲椶帡偺偡傋偰偺塼懱丄暔幙枖偼峫埬(devices)傪愴憟偵巊梡偡傞偙偲乿傪嬛巭偟偰偄傞丅傕偟楎壔僂儔儞偑乽撆僈僗偵椶帡偡傞暔幙乿偱偁傞偙偲偑徹柧偝傟傞側傜偽丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼傗偼傝堘朄偩偲擣掕偝傟傞偙偲偵側傞丅

偙傟傜偺愴憟拞偺峴堊偵娭偡傞戞擇師悽奅戝愴埲慜偵妋棫偝傟偨彅婯掕偼丄忦栺偺壛擖偺桳柍偵偐偐傢傜偢丄姷廗朄偲偟偰慡偰偺彅崙偵揔梡偝傟傞偙偲偑擣傔傜傟偰偄傞丅幚嵺偺偲偙傠丄偙傟傜偼僯儏儖儞儀儖僌偍傛傃搶嫗嵸敾偱丄姷廗朄壔偟偨愴憟斊嵾偲偟偰揔梡偝傟偨丅

1991ICTY婯掱偼丄戞3忦偵偍偄偰丄張敱懳徾偲側傞乽愴憟偺朄婯枖偼姷椺偵懳偡傞堘斀乿偲偟偰丄乽(a)柍梡偺嬯捝傪梌偊傞偙偲傪栚揑偲偡傞撆惈偺暫婍偦偺懠偺暫婍傪巊梡偡傞偙偲乿丄乽(b)搒巗枖偼挰懞偺湏堄揑側攋夡傪峴偆偙偲枖偼孯帠忋偺昁梫偵傛偭偰惓摉壔偝傟側偄嶴奞傪傕偨傜偡偙偲乿丄側偳傪掕傔偨丅ICTY婯掱偼丄崙楢寷復7復偺乽嫮惂慬抲乿偲偟偰嵦戰偝傟偨埨慡曐忈棟帠夛寛媍827偵晅戸偝傟偨傕偺偱偁傝丄崙嵺幮夛慡懱偑擣傔傞愴憟斊嵾偵娭偡傞姷廗朄傪愰尵偟偨傕偺偩偲峫偊偰傛偄偩傠偆丅

傑偨1998ICC婯掱偼丄乽愴憟斊嵾乿偺掕媊傪帵偟偨戞8忦偺2(b)偱丄乽妋棫偟偨崙嵺朄偺榞撪偱崙嵺揑晲椡暣憟偵偍偄偰揔梡偱偒傞朄婯媦傃姷椺偺懠偺廳戝側堘斀乿偲偟偰丄乽(iv)梊婜偝傟傞嬶懱揑偐偮捈愙揑側慡懱偲偟偰偺孯帠揑棙塿偲偺斾妑偵偍偄偰丄柧傜偐偵夁搙偵丄姫揧偊偵傛傞暥柉偺巰朣丄暥柉偺彎奞丄柉梡暔偺懝彎丄枖偼帺慠娐嫬傊偺峀斖側丄挿婜揑側偐偮怺崗側懝奞偑敪惗偡傞偙偲傪抦傝側偑傜屘堄偵峌寕偡傞偙偲乿丄乽(xvii)撆枖偼撆傪巤偟偨暫婍傪梡偄傞偙偲乿丄乽(xviii)拏懅惈僈僗丄撆惈僈僗枖偼偙傟傜偵椶偡傞僈僗媦傃偙傟傜偲椶帡偺偡傋偰偺塼懱丄暔幙枖偼峫埬傪梡偄傞偙偲乿丄乽(xx)偦偺惈幙忋夁搙偺彎奞庒偟偔偼晄昁梫側嬯捝傪梌偊丄枖偼晲椡暣憟偵娭偡傞崙嵺朄偵堘斀偟偰杮幙揑偵柍嵎暿側暫婍丄搳幩暔媦傃暔幙暲傃偵愴憟偺曽朄傪梡偄傞偙偲乿丄側偳傪掕傔偨[21]ICC婯掱偼懡崙娫忦栺偺嶻暔偱偁傝丄婎杮揑偵偼壛柨崙埲奜傪峉懇偟側偄丅偟偐偟偙傟傜偺愴憟斊嵾傪姷廗朄偲偡傞ICC婯掱偵丄20029寧尰嵼140僇崙偑彁柤傪偟丄79僇崙偑斸弝偟偰偄傞偲偄偆帠幚偼丄廳梫側堄媊傪帩偭偰偄傞偲尵偊傞偩傠偆丅

楎壔僂儔儞偵娭偟偰娭楢惈偺崅偄婯掕傪嵟傕懡偔帩偭偰偄傞僕儏僱乕償彅忦栺偺擇偮偺捛壛媍掕彂偼丄傗偼傝姷廗朄揑側抧埵傪帩偮廳梫忦栺偱偁傞丅幚偼捛壛媍掕彂偺姷廗朄揑側抧埵偼丄堦斒偵妛愢偲偟偰偼斲掕揑側尒夝偑庡棳偱偁偭偨偑丄1994擭偵ICTR婯掱偑戞擇捛壛媍掕彂偺廳戝堘斀傪張敱懳徾偵娷傔偨偨傔丄媍榑偺懳徾偲側偭偨丅崱擔偱偼丄媈偄側偔姷廗朄偲偟偰慡偰偺彅崙偵揔梡偝傟傞偲偼抐掕偱偒側偄偲偟偰傕丄偟偐偟婔偮偐偺廳梫婯懃偼尷傝側偔姷廗朄偵嬤偄抧埵傪梌偊傜傟偰偄傞偲峫偊偰傛偄偲巚傢傟傞丅

朄媄弍揑偵栤戣偵側傞偺偼丄暷崙偼戞堦丒戞擇捛壛媍掕彂偵彁柤偟偨偑丄偄傑偩偵斸弝偟偰偄側偄偲偄偆帠幚偱偁傞丅摨堄庡媊偺尨懃偐傜偡傟偽丄暷崙偼戞堦捛壛媍掕彂偵偼峉懇偝傟側偄丅偨偩偟暷崙偑斸弝傪鏢鏞偟偰偄傞棟桼偼丄捛壛媍掕彂偺捠忢暫婍偵傛傞愴憟斊嵾偺栤戣偱偼側偄丅帠幚偲偟偰1996ICJ妀暫婍巊梡媦傃巊梡偺埿奷偵娭偡傞姪崘揑堄尒偑怰媍偝傟偨嵺偵昞柧偟偨堄尒偵偍偄偰偼丄暷崙偼戞堦捛壛媍掕彂傪弲庣偡傞堄巚傪帵偟偰偄傞丅偟偨偑偭偰戞堦捛壛媍掕彂偵堘斀偟偨応崌偵惗偠傞敱懃婯掕傪暷崙偵揔梡偱偒傞偐偳偆偐偲偄偆媄弍揑側栤戣傪暿偵偟偰丄摨媍掕彂偑掕傔傞婯懃偺弲庣傪暷崙偵媮傔傞偙偲偼廫暘偵壜擻偱偁傠偆丅側偍塸崙偼丄戞堦捛壛媍掕彂偺壛擖崙偱偁傞丅

偝偰戞堦捛壛媍掕彂偼丄戞1忦偵偍偄偰丄乽妋棫偟偨姷廗丄恖摴偺彅尨懃丄岞嫟偺椙怱乿偑梫媮偡傞崙嵺朄偺尨懃偑丄晛曊揑偵揔梡偝傟傞偙偲傪愰尵偟偰偄傞丅偦偟偰偄傢偽偦偺榑棟揑婣寢偲偟偰丄戞351崁偵偍偄偰丄乽愴憟偺曽朄媦傃庤抜傪慖傇尃棙偼丄柍惂尷偱偼側偄乿偙偲傪妋擣偟偰偄傞丅偝傜偵傛傝嬶懱揑偵丄摨忦2崁丒3崁偵偍偄偰丄乽夁搙偺彎奞枖偼柍梡偺嬯捝傪梌偊傞暫婍丄搳幩暔丄暔幙丄愴憟偺曽朄乿傪嬛巭偟丄乽帺慠娐嫬偵懳偟偰峀斖側丄挿婜揑側偐偮怺崗側懝奞傪梌偊傞偙偲傪栚揑偲偡傞ゥ響垈虝麞@枖偼庤抜乿偩偗偱偼側偔丄偦偺傛偆側懝奞傪乽梌偊傞偙偲偑梊憐偝傟傞愴憟偺曽朄枖偼庤抜傪梡偄傞偙偲乿傪嬛巭偟偰偄傞丅楎壔僂儔儞偑傕偨傜偡丄峀斖偱丄挿婜揑偱丄怺崗側懝奞偼丄偙偺35忦偺婯掕偺揔梡壜擻惈傪嫮偔帵偡傕偺偩傠偆丅

戞堦捛壛媍掕彂戞36忦偼丄怴偟偄暫婍傗愴憟偺庤抜丒曽朄偺尋媶丒奐敪丒庢摼丒嵦梡偵偁偨偭偰丄偦偺巊梡偑摨媍掕彂傗懠偺崙嵺朄婯懃偵傛偭偰嬛巭偝傟偰偄側偄偐傪敾抐偡傞媊柋傪丄掲栺崙偑晧偭偰偄傞偙偲傪掕傔偰偄傞丅偙偺婯掕傪暥帤捠傝暷崙偵偁偰偼傔傞側傜偽丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪奐敪偟丄巊梡偟偨暷崙偼丄庴摦揑偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺奞偵娭偡傞斸敾偑徹柧偝傟側偄偙偲傪榑偠傞偩偗偱偼側偔丄愊嬌揑偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偑崙嵺朄堘斀偱偼側偄偙偲傪悽奅偵帵偡媊柋傪晧偭偰偄傞偲尵偊傞偲巚傢傟傞丅

戞堦捛壛媍掕彂戞51忦偼丄孯帠峴摦偐傜偺廧柉偺曐岇偵偮偄偰掕傔偰偄傞偑丄5(b)偼丄偄傢備傞乽晅悘揑懝奞(collateral damage)乿偵娭傢傞丅乽夁搙偵丄姫揧偊偵傛傞暥柉偺巰朣丄暥柉偺彎奞丄柉梡暔偺懝彎丄枖偼偙傟傜偺暋崌偟偨帠懺傪堷偒婲偙偡偙偲偑梊憐偝傟傞峌寕乿偼丄忢偵乽梊婜偝傟傞嬶懱揑偐偮捈愙揑側孯帠揑棙塿偲偺斾妑偵偍偄偰乿丄怰嵏偝傟側偗傟偽偄偗側偄丅偨偲偊偽摼傜傟傞孯帠揑棙塿偵懳偟偰丄乽晅悘揑乿側懝奞偑夁搙偱偁傞偲峫偊傜傟傞傛偆側峌寕偼丄乽柍嵎暿乿峌寕偲傒側偝傟丄嬛巭偝傟傞丅偙偙偱拲堄偡傋偒偼丄寢壥偲偟偰夁搙偺旐奞傪婲偙偟偨峌寕偱偼側偔乮偟偨偑偭偰梊應偱偒側偄帠懺偵傛偭偰夁搙偺旐奞偑弌偨応崌偼堘斀偲側傜側偄偲偄偆媬嵪揑側娷堄傕偁傞偺偩偑乯丄夁搙偺旐奞傪乽堷偒婲偙偡偙偲偑梊憐偝傟傞峌寕乿偑丄嬛巭偝傟偰偄傞偲偄偆揰偱偁傞丅偮傑傝崌棟揑側悇榑偵傛偭偰夁搙偺旐奞偑梊憐偝傟傞応崌偵偼丄寢壥偺偄偐傫偵娭傢傜偢丄峌寕偼堘朄偱偁傞丅偙偺傛偆偵峫偊傞偲丄楎壔僂儔儞偲偄偆撆惈偺崅偄暔幙傪戝検偵巊梡偟偨峌寕偼丄戞51忦堘斀偺媈偄偺嫮偄峌寕偩偲尵偊傞偩傠偆丅

54忦偼丄廧柉偺惗懚偵晄壜寚側暔偺曐岇傪掕傔傞丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偼丄昁偢偟傕乽惗柦堐帩庤抜偲偟偰偺壙抣傪斲掕偡傞偲偄偆摿暿偺栚揑偺偨傔乿丄怘椏丄擾嬈抧堟丄嶌暔丄壠抺丄堸椏悈巤愝傪栶偵棫偨側偔偡傞峴堊偱偼側偄偩傠偆丅偟偐偟楎壔僂儔儞偑偙傟傜偺惗懚偵晄壜寚側暔傪墭愼偡傞壜擻惈傪廫暘偵抦傝側偑傜曻抲偡傞偲偡傟偽丄戞54忦傪楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡崙偵廳戝側寈忇傪梌偊傞婯掕偲偟偰峫偊傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偩傠偆丅

偙傟偵娭楢偟偰戞55忦偼丄乽峀斖側丄挿婜揑側偐偮怺崗側懝奞偐傜帺慠娐嫬傪曐岇偡傞偨傔丄拲堄傪暐傢側偗傟偽側傜側偄乿媊柋傪掕傔偰偄傞丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡媦傃帠屻揑慬抲偺寚擛偑丄偙偆偟偨拲堄媊柋堘斀偱偁傞媈偄偼嬌傔偰嫮偄丅傑偨乽偙偺曐岇偼丄帺慠娐嫬偵懳偟偰偦偺傛偆側懝奞傪惗偤偟傔丄偐偮偦傟偵傛偭偰廧柉偺寬峃庒偟偔偼惗懚傪奞偡傞偙偲傪堄恾偟偨ゥ響垈虝麞@枖偼庤抜乿偵壛偊偰丄偦偺傛偆側懝奞偵傛偭偰廧柉偺寬峃丒惗懚傪乽奞偡傞偙偲偑梊應偝傟傞愴憟偺曽朄枖偼庤抜偺巊梡偺嬛巭傪娷傓乿偙偲偑柧帵偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偙偱傕傗偼傝寢壥偲偟偰廧柉偺寬峃丒惗懚傪奞偡傞曽朄丒庤抜偺巊梡偱偼側偔丄偦偺傛偆側懝奞傪梌偊傞偙偲偑乽梊應偝傟傞乿曽朄丒庤抜偺巊梡偑丄嬛巭懳徾偲側偭偰偄傞偙偲偵偼丄拲堄偡傋偒偩傠偆丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑尰幚偵偳偺掱搙偺旐奞傪梌偊偨偐偲偄偆媍榑偲偼暿偵丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑愽嵼揑偵廧柉偺寬峃丒惗懚傪奞偡傞惈幙傪帩偭偰偍傝丄偦偺帠幚傪抦偭偰偄傞巊梡崙偑丄廧柉傊偺旐奞偺婋尟惈傪崌棟揑側悇榑偐傜梊應偡傞偙偲偑偱偒偨偼偢偩偲偡傟偽丄偦偺巊梡崙偼戞55忦堘斀傪斊偟偨偙偲偵側傞丅

572崁偼丄梊杊慬抲傪偲傞媊柋偵偮偄偰掕傔偰偄傞丅摨崁(a)(ii)媦傃(iii)偵傛傟偽丄峌寕偺庤抜媦傃曽朄傪慖戰偡傞幰偼丄乽姫揧偊偵傛傞暥柉偺巰朣丄暥柉偺彎奞媦傃柉梡暔偺懝彎傪旔偗丄傑偨丄偁傜備傞応崌偵偦傟傜傪嵟彫尷偵偡傞偨傔偵丄偡傋偰偺幚峴壜擻側梊杊慬抲傪偲傜側偗傟偽側傜側偄乿丅偦偟偰乽梊婜偝傟傞嬶懱揑偐偮捈愙揑側孯帠揑棙塿偲偺斾妑偵偍偄偰丄夁搙偵丄姫揧偊偵傛傞暥柉偺巰朣丄暥柉偺懝彎丄柉梡暔偺懝彎枖偼偦傟傜偺暋崌偟偨帠懺傪堷偒婲偡偙偲偑梊應偝傟傞峌寕偺奐巒寛掕傪嵎峊偊側偗傟偽側傜側偄乿丅偟偨偑偭偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偵壗傜偐偺孯帠揑棙塿偑婜懸偱偒傞応崌偱傕丄戞51忦偱掕傔傜傟偰偄偨傛偆偵丄偦偺棙塿偼乽晅悘揑懝奞乿偲偺斾妑峫検偺懳徾偲側傝丄乽晅悘揑懝奞乿偑夁搙偱偁傞偲峫偊傜傟傞傛偆側応崌偵偼丄偦偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪巊梡偟偨峌寕偼乽柍嵎暿峌寕乿偵側偭偰偟傑偆偺偱丄摉慠丄嵎偟峊偊傜傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅傑偨楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪巊梡偡傞峌寕偵傛偭偰摼傜傟傞孯帠揑棙塿偑崅偔丄乽晅悘揑懝奞乿偑夁搙偱偁傞偲偼尵偊側偄傛偆側応崌偱傕丄側偍峌寕寛掕幰偼丄偦偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪巊梡偡傞峌寕偺乽晅悘揑懝奞乿傪乽嵟彫尷偵偡傞偨傔乿偺乽偡傋偰偺幚峴壜擻側梊杊慬抲乿傪偲傞媊柋傪晧偆丅

傛傝嬶懱揑偵偄偊偽丄巊梡寛掕幰偼丄暣憟偵偍偄偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑巊梡偝傟偨偙偲傪丄楎壔僂儔儞偺撆惈偲偲傕偵丄彮側偔偲傕暣憟摉帠崙乮暫婍偑巊梡偝傟偨抧堟偺摉奩崙乯惌晎偵捠抦偡傞媊柋偑偁傞偲夝庍偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偲巚傢傟傞丅側偤側傜偦傟偼乽晅悘揑懝奞乿傪乽嵟彫尷偵偡傞偨傔乿偵丄廫暘偵乽幚峴壜擻側梊杊慬抲乿偩偐傜偱偁傞丅

楎壔僂儔儞偺惈幙傪抦傜側偐偭偨僀儔僋惌晎偑壗偺懳嶔傕偲傞偙偲偑側偐偭偨偺偵懳偟偰丄埲慜偐傜楎壔僂儔儞偵偮偄偰梊旛抦幆傪帩偭偰偄偨儐乕僑僗儔價傾惌晎偑丄僐僜儃暣憟屻偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑巊梡偝傟偨応強傪棫偪擖傝嬛巭偵偟偨傝丄搚忞偺惔憒嶌嬈傪峴偭偨傝偡傞慬抲傪偲傝偊偨偙偲偑丄偙偙偱憐婲偱偒傞偼偢偱偁傞丅尰嵼偱傕儐乕僑僗儔價傾楢朚偺儌儞僥僱僌儘偱偼丄UNEP偲嫤椡偟偮偮丄偟偐偟NATO偐傜偺捈愙揑側偄偐側傞忣曬傕側偔丄楎壔僂儔儞彍嫀嶌嬈偑峴傢傟偰偄傞(Simons)57忦偺庯巪偐傜偡傟偽丄偨偲偊晲椡暣憟廔椆屻偱偁偭偰傕丄彮側偔偲傕楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡偺桳柍丄応強丄搙崌偄側偳傪捠抦偡傞偙偲偺昁梫惈傪丄乽梊杊慬抲乿偲偟偰嫮挷偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偺偱偼側偄偩傠偆偐丅

偝傜偵戞57忦偼丄2(b)偱丄峌寕搑拞偱偁偭偰傕乽晅悘揑懝奞乿偑夁搙偱偁傞偙偲偑柧敀偵側偭偨応崌偵偼丄峌寕傪庢傝徚偟枖偼掆巭偟側偗傟偽側傜側偄偙偲傪掕傔偰偄傞丅偨偲偊楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偑孯帠揑棙塿偺娤揰偐傜嫋偝傟傞偲峫偊傜傟傞応崌偱傕丄晲椡暣憟拞偵偦偺巊梡検偑夁搙偵側偭偨帪揰偱丄傛傝怲廳偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪巊梡偟丄偦偺巊梡昿搙傪尭傜偡搘椡偑側偝傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄媊柋偑敪惗偡傞偲偟偰丄2(b)傪夝庍偡傞偙偲偼壜擻偱偼側偄偐偲巚傢傟傞丅傑偨孯帠揑彑攕偑傎傏妋掕揑偵側偭偨帪揰偱丄偨偲偊偽孯帠峴摦廔椆擔側偳偵丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪巊梡偟懕偗傞偙偲偼丄峌寕偺堘朄惈傪崅傔傞峴堊偩偲尵偊傛偆(Simons)

傑偨戞572(c)偼丄乽廧柉偵塭嬁傪媦傏偡峌寕乿偺嵺偵偼丄乽岠壥揑側帠慜寈崘乿傪梌偊傞媊柋傪掕傔偰偄傞丅偍偦傜偔楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺応崌丄廧柉偵懳偟偰偼丄帠屻揑側乽晅悘揑懝奞乿偑梊應偝傟傞偺偱丄乽帠慜寈崘乿偺昁梫惈偼偁傑傝側偄偲姶偠傜傟傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅偟偐偟懝奞偑帠屻揑偱偁傞偐傜偲偄偭偰寈崘媊柋偑柶彍偝傟傞偲偡傞側傜偽丄2(c)偺庯巪偐傜堩扙偡傞偙偲偵側傞偩傠偆丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵傛傞峌寕傪庴偗偨栚昗暔傗丄晅嬤偵杽杤偟偨楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偑丄恖懱偵懳偡傞愽嵼揑側婋尟惈傪帩偭偰偄傞偙偲傪晅嬤偺廧柉偵乽岠壥揑乿偵乽寈崘乿偡傞偙偲偑朷傑偟偄偙偲偼丄尵偆傑偱傕側偄丅傑偨乽忬嫷偺嫋偡尷傝乿丄乽帠慜寈崘乿傪梌偊傞偙偲偑掕傔傜傟偰偄傞偵夁偓側偄偲偟偰傕丄揔愗側帪婜偵丄応崌偵傛偭偰偼晲椡暣憟廔椆屻偱偁偭偰傕丄乽寈崘乿偁傞偄偼乽梊杊慬抲乿傪梌偊傞偙偲偺廳梫惈偑幐傢傟傞傢偗偱偼側偄丅

573崁偼丄乽晅悘揑懝奞乿偑嵟彫偵側傞傛偆偵栚昗暔傪慖掕偟側偗傟偽側傜側偄媊柋傪掕傔偰偄傞丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺旐奞偑嵟彫偵側傞傛偆側栚昗暔偺慖掕偲偼壗偩傠偆偐丅廧柉偺嫃廧抧撪偍傛傃晅嬤偱偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偺傒側傜偢丄偍偦傜偔偼壨愳偺晅嬤側偳傪娷傓廧柉偺堸椏悈傪墭愼偟偐偹側偄応強偱偺巊梡丄擾嶌抧傗壠抺応撪晹傑偨偼晅嬤偱偺巊梡側偳偼丄嵎偟峊偊傜傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄偩傠偆丅

摨忦4崁偼丄棨偩偗偱偼側偔丄奀丒嬻偵偍偗傞孯帠峴摦偵偍偄偰傕丄乽晅悘揑懝奞乿傪旔偗傞偨傔偺乽偡傋偰偺崌棟揑側梊杊慬抲乿傪偲傞媊柋傪掕傔偰偄傞丅偙偺偙偲偼嬻孯側傜傃偵奀孯偵傛偭偰巊梡偝傟傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵傕丄崙嵺恖摴朄偺婯掕偑摍偟偔揔梡偝傟傞偙偲傪堄枴偟偰偄傞丅

戞擇捛壛媍掕彂偼丄撪愴偵偍偄偰巊梡偝傟傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑丄傗偼傝廧柉曐岇偺娤揰偐傜婯惂偝傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄偙偲傪帵偡丅偨偩偟戞擇捛壛媍掕彂偺姷廗朄偲偟偰偺抧埵偵偮偄偰偼丄戞堦捛壛媍掕彂偲摨條偺偙偲偑尵偊傞丅

偙偺傛偆偵尒偰偄偔偲丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偼丄崙嵺恖摴朄偵堘斀偡傞怺崗側媈偄偑偁傞偲尵偊傞丅楎壔僂儔儞偑崱傑偱偵偳傟偩偗偺旐奞傪幚嵺偵堷偒婲偙偟偰偒偨偐偼暿偵偟偰傕丄偦偺撆惈偵偮偄偰偼峀偔擣傔傜傟偰偄傞埲忋丄尰懚偺崙嵺恖摴朄偑楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡傪婯惂偟偆傞偲峫偊傞偙偲偼廫暘偵壜擻偱偁傠偆丅偨偩偟朄棩揑側娤揰偐傜榑揰偲側傞偺偼丄埲壓偺彅揰偱偁傠偆丅

恖摴朄婯懃偺揔梡偐傜楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡幰傪柶傟偝偣傞戞堦偺榑嫆偼丄乽孯帠揑棙塿乿偺昡壙偱偁傞丅壖偵楎壔僂儔儞偑揋崙暫巑偵晄昁梫側嬯捝傪梌偊傞偺傒側傜偢丄堦斒廧柉偵柍嵎暿揑側奞傪梌偊傞婋尟惈傪帩偭偰偄傞偲偟偰傕丄崙嵺恖摴朄偺榑棟峔惉偐傜偡傟偽丄摼傜傟傞孯帠揑棙塿偲偺斾妑峫検偵偍偄偰夁搙偺奞偱偁傞偲擣掕偱偒側偗傟偽丄堘朄惈偼徹柧偱偒側偄丅

幚嵺偺偲偙傠丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼丄巊梡崙偵偲偭偰偼摿暿偺乽孯帠揑棙塿乿傪傕偨傜偟偰偔傟傞丅揋孯偺憰峛幵偵懳偡傞娧捠擻椡偲丄揋孯偺峌寕偐傜杊屼偡傞憰峛偺擻椡偼丄妋偐偵帺孯偺孯帠擻椡傪崅傔丄側偍偐偮暫堳偺惗懚棪傪崅傔傞岠壥傪帩偮偩傠偆丅偟偐偟廧柉偵梌偊傞奞傪杊偖偙偲傕傑偨寛偟偰寉帇偟偰偼側傜側偄廳梫側婯懃偱偁傝丄孯帠揑棙塿偑杮摉偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡傪惓摉壔偟偆傞偐偳偆偐偼丄屄暿偺応柺偵偍偄偰怲廳偵専摙偟偰偄偐側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

偨偲偊偽榩娸愴憟偵偍偄偰丄僋僂僃乕僩偐傜揚戅偡傞僀儔僋愴幵晹戉傪憒摙偟偨孯帠嶌愴偵偍偄偰丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪巊梡偡傞孯帠揑昁梫惈偑丄僀儔僋孯暫巑傗廧柉偵梌偊傞奞偲偺娭學偱柧傜偐偵崅偐偭偨偲偼丄尰嵼抦傝偆傞堦斒忣曬傪傕偲偵偡傟偽丄尵偊側偄偲巚傢傟傞丅傑偨傕偟壖偵屄乆偺応柺偱偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡偺孯帠揑棙塿偑擣傔傜傟傞応崌偱傕丄側偍楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪巊梡偡傞検傗曽朄偵偮偄偰偺婯惂偑丄側偝傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄偼偢偱偁傞丅庒姳検偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偑惓摉壔偝傟傞応崌偱傕丄懡戝側検偺巊梡傗丄晄揔愗側応強偱偺巊梡偼惓摉壔偝傟側偄偙偲偼丄摉慠偁傝偆傞偐傜偱偁傞丅

戞擇偵丄崙嵺恖摴朄偼丄晲椡峴巊偺庤抜傗曽朄偵偐偐傢傞偑備偊偵丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪慡柺揑偵嬛巭偡傞傕偺偱偼偁傝偊側偄丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偼丄摼傜傟傞孯帠揑棙塿偲偺娭學偱丄忢偵朄揑偵惓摉偵巊梡偝傟傞壜擻惈傪帩偮丅偟偐偟偦偺偙偲偼丄暫婍偺巊梡偵敽偭偰惗偠傞乽梊杊慬抲乿傗乽帠慜寈崘乿偺媊柋丄傛傝嬶懱揑偵偼楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡忬嫷偺岞昞慬抲偺媊柋側偳傪幐傢偣傞傕偺偱偼側偄丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑惓摉偵巊梡偱偒傞応柺偑偁傞偲偡傟偽丄傓偟傠偦傟偵傛偭偰巊梡崙偑偳偺傛偆側朄揑媊柋傪晧偆偺偐偲偄偆揰傪栤戣偵偟偰偄偔昁梫偑偁傞丅崙嵺恖摴朄偑庡娽偲偡傞偺偼丄摿掕暫婍偺嬛巭偦傟帺懱偱偼側偔丄嵟戝尷偺恖摴揑棙塿偺曐岇偱偁傞丅

戞嶰偵丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑崙嵺朄偵揔崌偟偰偄傞偐偳偆偐傪徹柧偡傞媊柋偼丄傑偢傕偭偰巊梡崙偵偁傞偙偲偑嫮挷偝傟側偗傟偽側傜側偄偩傠偆丅偮傑傝堘朄惈傪巜揈偡傞懁偱偼側偔丄怴暫婍偺崌朄惈傪庡挘偡傞懁偑丄撆惈傪帩偮偙偲偱抦傜傟傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑偳偺傛偆偵崙嵺恖摴朄偵崌抳偡傞偺偐傪帵偝側偗傟偽側傜側偄丅

戞巐偵丄朄媄弍榑側娤揰偐傜偡傟偽丄嵟傕廩幚偟偨廧柉曐岇婯掕傪帩偭偰偄傞戞堦捛壛媍掕彂傪丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺嵟戝偺巊梡崙偱偁傞暷崙偑斸弝偟偰偄側偄偙偲偼丄娙扨偵偼娕夁偱偒側偄帠幚偱偼偁傞丅戞堦捛壛媍掕彂偺姷廗朄揑抧埵偼丄堦斒偵偼栤戣側偔庴偗巭傔傜傟偰偄傞偲偟偰傕丄尰幚偵朄揑榑憟偑婲偙偭偨偲偒偵杮摉偵徹柧偟偆傞傕偺偱偁傞偐偳偆偐偼丄昁偢偟傕妋偐偱偼側偄丅偙偺揰偼丄暷崙偵傛傞乽廳戝側堘斀峴堊乿傪朄揑偵捛媦偡傞偺偱偁傟偽丄偮傑傝暷崙偺愴憟斊嵾偵懳偟偰巌朄揑峴摦傪偲傠偆偲偡傞偺偱偁傟偽丄戝偒側忈奞偲側傞偩傠偆丅偟偐偟楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺婯惂偲偄偆娤揰偐傜尒傟偽丄戞堦捛壛媍掕彂偺婯掕偵弨嫆偡傞偙偲偼丄摴媊揑偵傕丄惌帯揑偵傕丄偦偟偰朄揑偵傕丄堄枴偺偁傞偙偲偱偁傠偆丅

嵟屻偵丄崙嵺恖摴朄傪楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵揔梡偡傞偙偲偵娭偟偰丄婔偮偐偺晄妋掕梫慺偑偁傞偙偲偼棪捈偵擣傔側偗傟偽側傜側偄偑丄偦偺偙偲偼崙嵺幮夛偵偍偗傞崙嵺恖摴朄偺抧埵偵娭傢傞偲尵偊傛偆丅偡偱偵妀暫婍偵娭偡傞1996ICJ姪崘揑堄尒傪傔偖傞媍榑偱巜揈偝傟偨傛偆偵乮幝揷丄2001a乯丄崙嵺恖摴朄偑偳傟偩偗偺嫮偝偺婯斖椡傪帩偭偰偄傞偐偲偄偆偙偲偑丄嵟廔揑偵偼栤戣偵側傞丅ICJ偼丄崙嵺恖摴朄偑偄偐側傞応崌偵傕堩扙偡傞偙偲偑嫋偝傟側偄嫮峴婯斖(jus congens)偲偟偰偺抧埵傪帩偭偰偄傞偐偳偆偐偵偮偄偰偺敾抐偼旔偗偨丅偟偐偟偦傟偱傕乽晲椡暣憟偵揔梡偝傟偆傞恖摴朄偺戝懡悢偺彅婯懃偼丄ゥ憤蹔祻K朄偺堩扙偝傟偰偼側傜側偄(intransgressible)彅尨懃傪峔惉偡傞偑備偊偵丄偦傟傜偺崻杮揑彅婯懃偼丄偦傟傜傪婯掕偡傞彅忦栺偵壛擖偟偰偄傞偐偳偆偐傪栤傢偢丄慡偰偺崙壠偵傛傝弲庣偝傟傞傋偒傕偺偱偁傞乿偲弎傋偨(ICJ, para. 79)丅傕偟崙嵺恖摴朄偺拞妀婯掕偑丄ICJ偑弎傋偨傛偆側堩扙偝傟偰偼側傜側偄姷廗朄偲偟偰偺抧埵傪帩偭偰偄傞偲偡傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑崙嵺朄懱宯偵懳偟偰帩偮堄枴傕丄孯帠揑棙塿偺梫惪偐傜偩偗偱偼側偔丄傛傝堦斒揑側恖摴揑棙塿偺梫惪偐傜傕丄棟夝偡傞傋偒偱偁傠偆偲巚傢傟傞丅

 

俆亅俁丂怴偨側嬛巭忦栺

 

楎壔僂儔儞偺孯帠巊梡偵斀懳偡傞恖乆偼丄崙嵺朄偵傛傞婯惂傪媮傔傞揰偱偼堦抳偡傞偑丄幚偼偦偺傾僾儘乕僠偵娭偟偰偼堦偮偺憡堘傪帩偮丅怴偟偄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡嬛巭偵娭偡傞忦栺偑昁梫偱偁傞偐偳偆偐偵偮偄偰丄憡堘偑偁傞偺偱偁傞丅2000擭偵儅儞僠僃僗僞乕偱奐偐傟偨斀楎壔僂儔儞暫婍崙嵺夛媍偵偍偄偰丄傾僀儖儔儞僪偺傾儖價儖丒儅僋僪僫儖僪偼丄尰嵼摼傜傟傞壢妛丒堛妛揑尋媶寢壥偱偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺乽堘朄惈乿傪徹柧偡傞偺偼崲擄偱偁傝丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪柧妋偵嬛巭偡傞崙嵺忦栺偑昁梫偱偁傞偲嫮偔庡挘偟偰丄怴忦栺偺惉棫傪栚巜偡偺偼桳塿偱偼側偄偲偡傞僇儗儞丒僷乕僇乕偲懳棫偟偨偲偄偆乮楎壔僂儔儞尋媶夛丄戞2崋乯丅

偙偺傛偆側怴忦栺偺昁梫惈偵娭偡傞尒夝偺憡堘偵偼丄尰懚偺崙嵺朄懱宯偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺埵抲偯偗偵娭偡傞尒夝偑傂偦傫偱偄傞丅偮傑傝尰懚偺崙嵺朄偵偍偄偰偡偱偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑堘朄偱偁傟偽丄忦栺掲寢偼昁梫偱偼側偄丅傕偭偲傕偨偲偊偦偆偱偁偭偰傕丄堘朄惈傪傛傝嫮挷偡傞偨傔偵摿暿側忦栺偑昁梫偩偲峫偊傞偙偲傕偱偒傞偩傠偆丅尰懚偺崙嵺朄偱楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑堘朄壔偝傟偰偄傞偲偼尵偄愗傟側偄偲峫偊傞幰偼乮偮傑傝偙偺揰偱偼楎壔僂儔儞崌朄榑幰偲摨堦偺尒夝傪帩偮傢偗偩偑乯丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺婋尟惈傪寈夲偡傞偺偱偁傟偽丄怴偟偄忦栺掲寢偑昁梫偩偲峫偊傞偙偲偵側傞偩傠偆丅

楎壔僂儔儞偲崙嵺朄偺娭學傪峫偊傞偵偁偨偭偰偼丄幚偼朄揑媍榑偲偁傢偣偰惌帯揑敾抐傕偐偐傢偭偰偔傞丅尰懚偺崙嵺朄偺榞慻傒偺拞偱偺婯惂傪嫮挷偡傞幰偼丄怴忦栺惉棫偑丄懡戝側搘椡傪昁梫偲偡傞偩偗偱偼側偔丄偁偨偐傕尰懚偺崙嵺恖摴朄偱偼楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡傪婯惂偱偒側偄偐偺傛偆側報徾傪梌偊偰偟傑偆偙偲傪嫲傟傞丅暷崙側偳偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡崙偑怴忦栺偵壛擖偡傞尒崬傒偼慡偔側偔丄傕偟忦栺壛擖偑楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡傪婯惂偡傞偨傔偺梫審偲側傞側傜偽丄寢壥偲偟偰忦栺惂掕偼巊梡崙偺崌朄榑偵帠幚忋偺彸擣傪梌偊傞偩偗偺寢壥偵廔傢傞壜擻惈偑偁傞丅側偤側傜偽忦栺偵壛擖偝偊偟側偗傟偽丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪崌朄揑偵帺桼偵巊梡偱偒傞偲偺尒曽傪嶌傝弌偟偰偟傑偆偐傜偱偁傞丅偦偆側傞偲丄尰懚偺崙嵺恖摴朄偺榞慻傒偺拞偱楎壔僂儔儞嬛巭傪彞偊偨曽偑丄傛傝岠壥揑偱偁傝丄尰幚揑偩偲偄偆偙偲偵側傞丅

偟偐偟忦栺偺昁梫惈傪慽偊傞懁偼丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偑尰懚偺崙嵺朄偵堘斀偟偰偄傞偲巊梡崙偵擣傔偝偣傞偺偼丄崲擄偩偲峫偊傞丅巊梡崙懁偑楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺崌朄揑巊梡偵娭偡傞棟榑晲憰傪偟偰偄傞忬嫷偱丄楎壔僂儔儞偺婋尟惈傪斀敐晄壜擻側宍偱帵偡偺偼擄偟偔丄崌朄揑偵楎壔僂儔儞傪梡偄偰偄傞偲庡挘偱偒側偄傑偱偵巊梡崙傪捛偄崬傓偺偼娙扨偱偼側偄丅偟偨偑偭偰寢嬊偼丄巊梡崙帺恎偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡傪曻婞偡傞寛堄傪屌傔偝偣傞偟偐楎壔僂儔儞暫婍攑愨偺摴偼側偔丄怴忦栺偺掲寢偼偦偺屇傃悈偲側傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅偨偲偊巊梡崙偑怴忦栺傪柍帇偡傞偲偟偰傕丄嬛巭忦栺偵懡悢偺崙乆偑壛擖偡傟偽丄崙嵺幮夛偵偍偗傞斀楎壔僂儔儞偺堄幆偼戝偒偔崅傑傞偼偢偱偁傝丄巊梡崙偼楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡傪鏢鏞偣偞傞傪摼側偔側傞偩傠偆丅

偍偦傜偔椉幰偺憡堘傪斾妑専摙偡傞嵺偵嶲峫偲側傞偺偼丄懳恖抧棆嬛巭忦栺僉儍儞儁乕儞偱偁傠偆丅懳恖抧棆嬛巭偺嵺偵偼丄NGO偺崙嵺揑側摥偒偐偗偑丄彅崙傪忦栺挷報偵傑偱摦偐偟偨偲徿巀偝傟偨丅偟偐偟幚嵺偵偼丄僇僫僟側偳偺桳椡側彅崙偑丄悇恑偺屻傠弬偲側偭偨丅懳恖抧棆嬛巭忦栺偵偍偄偰僇僫僟側偳偑壥偨偟偨栶妱傪丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵娭偟偰扴偄偆傞崙傪尒弌偡偙偲偼丄崱偺偲偙傠偱偒側偄丅僀儔僋傗儐乕僑僗儔價傾偑偦偺傛偆側栶妱傪壥偨偡偙偲偑偱偒側偄偺偼丄娫堘偄側偄偲巚傢傟傞丅

傑偨懳恖抧棆嬛巭忦栺偺惉壥傪昡壙偡傞嵺偵栤戣偲側傞偺偼丄寢嬊偼暷崙丄儘僔傾丄拞崙側偳偺嵟戝偺抧棆惗嶻丒巊梡崙偑忦栺偵壛擖偟側偐偭偨偙偲偱偁傞丅偮傑傝忦栺惉棫偼丄尰幚偺戝崙偺懳恖抧棆偺巊梡忬嫷偵戝偒側曄壔傪傕偨傜偡偙偲偑偱偒側偐偭偨丅傓偟傠偦傟偳偙傠偐忦栺偵壛擖偟側偐偭偨戝崙偵懳偟偰婛懚偺崙嵺朄傪嶲徠偟偰懳恖抧棆偺婯惂傪慽偊傞偙偲偑崲擄偵側偭偰偟傑偭偨丄偲巜揈偡傞幰偝偊偄傞偺偱偁傞丅

偝傜側傞壢妛揑尋媶傗惌帯揑摦岦偵偍偄偰戝偒側曄壔偑惗傑傟側偄尷傝丄怴偟偄嬛巭忦栺偵傛偭偰楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪婯惂偟傛偆偲偡傞摦偒偼崅傑傞偙偲偼側偄偺偱偼側偄偐偲巚傢傟傞丅偦偺堦曽偱丄崙楢恖尃懀恑梚岇彫埾堳夛偺傛偆偵尰懚偺崙嵺朄懱宯偺拞偱楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺堘朄惈傪栤偄偨偩偡摦偒偑婲偙偭偰偄傞丅偍偦傜偔偼偙偺傛偆側尰懚偺崙嵺恖摴朄偺拞偱楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪埵抲偯偗傞摦偒偑丄崱屻傕宲懕偟偰峴傢傟丄偦偺寢壥偵墳偠偰丄怴忦栺掲寢偺摦偒傕塭嬁偝傟偰偄偔偩傠偆偲巚傢傟傞丅

 


戞俇復丂偍傢傝偵丗楎壔僂儔儞偑惌帯揑偵帩偮堄枴

 

1996擭偵楢朚媍夛偱偺幙栤偵摎偊偰丄曐寬扴摉崙杊師姱僗僥僼傽儞丒僕儑僙僼攷巑偼丄師偺傛偆偵弎傋偨丅乽崙杊憤徣偼丄愴摤偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞偵傑偮傢傞栤戣偵偮偄偰丄廫暘偵擣幆偟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄愴摤幵椉偺杊屼梡偵偙偺暔幙傪巊偊偽丄愴応偵偍偗傞暫堳偺惗懚棪傪偐側傝堷偒忋偘傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅壛偊偰丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺幩掱偑挊偟偔墑傃傟偽丄傢傟傢傟偺暫堳偺媇惖幰悢傪尭傜偡偨傔偵廳梫側愴弍揑桪墇偑傕偨傜偝傟傞丅乿(Quoted in Fahey, 1999a, p. 38)

榩娸愴憟捈屻偺19913寧偵楎壔僂儔儞挷嵏偺偨傔偵僒僂僕傾儔價傾偵攈尛偝傟偨壢妛幰偍傛傃堛幰偐傜側傞僠乕儉偺堦堳偱偁偭偨僟僌丒儘僢働偼丄摉帪儘僗傾儔儌僗尋媶強偐傜搉偝傟偨儊儌偵偮偄偰岅偭偰偄傞丅偦偺儊儌偼丄挷嵏僠乕儉偺儊儞僶乕偵丄彨棃偺楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡傪嫼偐偝側偄忣曬偩偗傪曬崘偡傞傛偆偵姪崘偡傞傕偺偩偭偨(Rokke, 12)丅戅栶孯恖徣偺堛柋姱偩偭偨傾僒僼丒僪儏儔僐價僢僠偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偨婣娨暫偺曻幩擻墭愼傪媈偄丄婔偮偐偺愱栧婡娭偱専嵏傪峴偆傛偆偵庤攝偟偨丅偟偐偟傗偑偰娭學婡娭偵曐娗偝傟偰偄偨婰榐偑偡傋偰柍偔側偭偰偟傑偭偨偩偗偱偼側偔丄僪儏儔僐價僢僠杮恖傕夝屬偝傟偰偟傑偭偨偲偄偆(CADU Briefing Pack, p. 10)

儀僩僫儉愴憟埲棃丄暷崙偼愴憟偵懳偡傞悽榑偺摦岦偵晀姶偲側傝丄摿偵帺崙暫巑偺媇惖幰悢傪梷偊傞偙偲偵廳戝側娭怱傪怳傝岦偗偰偒偨丅彮側偄媇惖幰悢偱埑搢揑側惉壥傪偍偝傔偨1991擭偺榩娸愴憟丄19恖偺媇惖幰傪弌偟偰揚戅偡傞偙偲偵側偭偨1993擭偺僜儅儕傾傊偺夘擖丄抧忋孯傪攈尛偡傞偙偲側偔嬻敋偩偗傪孞傝曉偟偨1999擭偺儐乕僑僗儔價傾傊偺夘擖丄抧忋偺庡椡晹戉偼尰抧晲憰惃椡偵擟偣偰帺崙偺摿庩晹戉偵偼嬻敋栚昗傪巜帵偡傞栶妱傪扴傢偣偨2001擭偺傾僼僈僯僗僞儞愴憟偼丄慡偰帺崙暫巑偺媇惖幰悢傪嬌椡梷偊傞偲偄偆梫惪傪枮偨偟側偑傜峴傢傟偨孯帠峴摦偱偁偭偨丅寢壥偲偟偰暷崙惌晎偼丄悽榑偺埑搢揑側巀摨傪幐偆偙偲側偔丄孯帠嶌愴傪廔椆偡傞偙偲偑偱偒偨丅悽榑偺巟帩偑偁傞娫偺抁婜娫偱孯帠嶌愴偺惉岟傪摼傞偙偲偑丄忢偵暷崙惌晎偺栚昗偲側偭偰偄傞偺偱偁傞丅

悽奅桞堦偺挻戝崙偲偟偰孨椪偡傞暷崙偵偲偭偰丄戞嶰悽奅偱峴傢傟傞乽旕懳徧乿愴憟偱偼丄扨偵彑棙偡傞偩偗偱偼懌傝側偄丅帺崙偺懝幐傪嬌椡梷偊側偑傜丄埑搢揑側彑棙傪廂傔傞偙偲偑丄挻戝崙偲偟偰偺埿怣傪曐偮偨傔偺曽朄偩偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞偺偱偁傞(Faulkner, p. 3)

偙偺傛偆偵暷崙偺孯帠峴摦偵戝偒側塭嬁傪梌偊傞偺偑丄帺孯偺媇惖幰傪杊偓側偑傜揋曽偵懡戝側懝奞傪梌偊傞偲偄偆梫惪傪偳傟偩偗枮偨偣傞偐丄偲偄偆梫慺偱偁偭偨丅偦偺偨傔偵嬱巊偝傟傞庤抜偺堦偮偑丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍側偺偱偁傞丅巊梡崙懁偺娤揰偐傜偡傟偽妋偐偵丄帺崙丒揋崙暫巑偍傛傃尰抧廧柉偺寬峃偵懳偡傞婋尟惈偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑愴応偱梌偊傞孯帠揑棙塿偼丄娙扨偵偼曻婞偱偒側偄傕偺偱偁傞丅傑偟偰楎壔僂儔儞偼丄戝検偵拁愊偝傟偰偍傝丄帠幚忋柍彏偱擖庤偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

惌晎宯偺楎壔僂儔儞偺尋媶偑丄堄幆揑偱偁傟柍堄幆揑偱偁傟丄偙偺孯帠揑棙塿偺梫惪偵塭嬁偝傟偰偄傞偲柉娫尋媶幰偑媈偄傪帩偮偺偼丄崻嫆偺側偄偙偲偱偼側偄丅榩娸愴憟偺応崌丄傂偲偨傃旐奞偑擣掕偝傟傞側傜偽丄偦傟偼偼偐傝抦傟側偄妟偺曗彏傪傑偢崙撪偱峴傢側偗傟偽側傜側偄偙偲傪堄枴偡傞丅傕偟曗彏懳徾偑僀儔僋側偳偵傑偱媦傇側傜偽丄曗彏妟偼偝傜偵嵿惌揑偵怺崗側儗儀儖偵奼戝偡傞偩傠偆丅

傕偟彨棃偺晲椡暣憟偱楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑巊偊側偄偲偄偆偙偲偵側傟偽丄偦傟偼扨偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵傛偭偰暷崙偑摼傞偙偲偑偱偒傞孯帠揑桪埵偑幐傢傟傞偙偲偩偗傪堄枴偡傞偺偱偼側偄丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪攔彍偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡傪慜採偵偟偰偄傞愴幵傗峌寕婡側偳偺巊梡曽朄偑嵍塃偝傟傞丅偦偆側傟偽偡偱偵幚愴梡偵攝旛偝傟偰偄傞棨丒嬻乮丒奀乯孯偺暫婍懱宯偑戝偒側塭嬁傪庴偗傞偙偲偵側傞偩傠偆丅寢壥偲偟偰丄暷崙偺懳僀儔僋奜岎惌嶔側偳丄尰桳偺孯帠椡偺揥奐擻椡傪慜採偵偟偰偡偡傔傜傟偰偄傞惌嶔傕丄塭嬁傪庴偗傞偙偲偵側傞偼偢偱偁傞丅

楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偑傕偨傜偡孯帠揑棙塿偼丄偙傟傑偱暷崙乮偲塸崙乯偩偗偑帠幚忋偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡崙偱偁偭偨偨傔丄椉崙偵傛偭偰撈愯揑偵嫕庴偝傟偰偄偨丅偟偐偟楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪尰幚偵曐桳偟偰偄傞偺偼丄傕偼傗暷塸偩偗偱偼側偄丅尰嵼偼宱嵪惂嵸偵傛偭偰宍幃揑偵偼晄壜擻偩偲偼偄偊丄枾桝側偳偵傛偭偰丄僀儔僋偑懳峈揑偵楎壔僂儔儞暫婍傪奐敪偡傞嫲傟偼忢偵偁傞丅傑偨偡偱偵尒偨傛偆偵丄傾儖亖僇乕僀僟偑楎壔僂儔儞傪曐桳偟偰偄偨偲偺忣曬傕偁傞丅暷崙偵揋懳偡傞惃椡偑丄戝検攋夡暫婍傪奐敪偡傞偩偗偱偼側偔丄埆堄偱捠忢暫婍偵楎壔僂儔儞傪搵嵹偡傞偙偲傪峫偊傞壜擻惈偼廫暘偵偁傞丅偦偺応崌丄楎壔僂儔儞偺幚愴巊梡偺斖埻偼偝傜偵戝偒偔峀偑傝丄暷塸偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偵傛傞孯帠揑棙塿偼丄憡懳揑偵掅壓偡傞偩傠偆丅傕偭偲傕偦偺傛偆側忬嫷偵偍偄偰傕丄暫婍奐敪偺幙偲検偱丄暷崙偑揋傪埑搢偡傞偩傠偆偙偲偵偼丄曄傢傝偑側偄偩傠偆丅寢壥偲偟偰惗傑傟傞偺偼丄晲椡暣憟偵傛傞旐奞偺奼戝偲暋嶨壔偱偁傞丅

楎壔僂儔儞暫婍巊梡偺奼戝偵傛偭偰傛傝戝偒側旐奞傪庴偗傞偺偼丄暣憟摉帠崙偺廧柉偱偁傞丅崙嵺恖摴朄偼丄夁搙偺偄傢備傞乽晅悘揑懝奞乿偺桳柍傪丄暫婍巊梡幰懁偑摼傜傟傞孯帠揑棙塿偲偺斾妑偵偍偄偰昡壙偡傞偲偄偆娤揰傪偲偭偰偒偨丅偙偺娤揰偼丄孯帠愴棯揑偵崻嫆偺側偄湏堄揑側嶦恖側偳偺愴憟斊嵾傪晜偒挙傝偵偟丄愴憟偲偄偆摿堎側忬嫷偱傕側偍堩扙偟偰偼側傜側偄婯斖偑偁傞偲偄偆偙偲傪丄柧傜偐偵偡傞偲偄偆揰偱丄堄枴傪帩偭偰偒偨丅偟偐偟楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺傛偆側摿庩側暫婍偑偐偐傢傞応崌丄扨偵孯帠栚昗庡媊偑宍幃揑偵娧偐傟偰偄傟偽丄偦傟偱乽晅悘揑懝奞乿偑夁搙偱偼側偄偲寢榑偱偒側偄忬嫷偑惗傑傟偰偔傞丅孯帠揑棙塿偺奣擮傪丄暃師揑側旐奞偺惈幙丒搙崌偄傪峫椂偟偨傛傝峀偄帇揰偐傜懆偊偰偄偔昁梫偑丄惗傑傟傞偼偢側偺偱偁傞丅

楎壔僂儔儞偺旐奞偵娭偟偰偼丄巊梡偝傟偨暣憟揋懳崙偑惌帯揑僾儘僷儞僈儞僟偲偟偰巊偭偰偄傞偲偺斸敾偑丄暷惌晎側偳偵傛偭偰側偝傟偰偄傞丅埶慠偲偟偰暷崙偵揋懳巔惃傪偲傝懕偗偰偄傞僀儔僋偺僒僟儉丒僼僙僀儞惌尃偺応崌丄偦偺傛偆側斸敾傪嫋偟偰偟傑偆孹岦傪帩偭偰偄傞偙偲偼帠幚偩傠偆丅僀儔僋崙撪偱挷嵏傪峴偆応崌丄惌晎摉嬊偺娔帇壓偵抲偐傟傞偙偲偑晛捠偱偁傞偨傔丄偦偆偟偨媈擮偼徚偊傞偙偲偑側偄丅偨偲偊偽楎壔僂儔儞栤戣偵娭怱傪帩偭偰曬偠偰偒偨塸崙僥儗價嬊偺BBC偼丄僀儔僋惌晎偺愰揱弍偵憖傜傟偰偄傞偲偺斸敾傪庴偗偰偄傞(Pandra Project, DU Info Bulletin, No. 46)丅偨偩偟傕偪傠傫媡偺尒曽傪偡傟偽丄僼僙僀儞惌尃偺揋懳巔惃傪棟桼偵偟偰丄暷塸懁偑杮奿揑側挷嵏傪懹偭偰偄傞偲尵偆偙偲傕偱偒傞偩傠偆丅

偙偺傛偆側惌帯揑攚宨偼丄榩娸愴憟屻偐傜僀儔僋偵懳偟偰峴傢傟偰偄傞宱嵪惂嵸偵傛偭偰丄偝傜偵暋嶨側傕偺偵側偭偰偄傞丅側偤側傜僀儔僋偱偼帯椕偺偨傔偺栻昳偑嬌搙偵晄懌偟偰偄傞偩偗偱偼側偔丄挷嵏偺偨傔偵昁梫側婍嵽傪挷払偡傞偙偲傕晄壜擻偵側偭偰偄傞偐傜偱偁傞丅傑偨僀儔僋偺妛幰偨偪偼奀奜偺妛夛側偳偵弌惾偡傞偨傔偺價僓偑偲傟偢丄愱栧揑側岎棳傪怺傔傞偙偲偑偱偒側偄忬懺偵抲偐傟偰偄傞丅僀儔僋偱偼榩娸愴憟偱梡偄傜傟偨楎壔僂儔儞偺傎偲傫偳偵壛偊偰丄岺嬈愝旛偑敋寕偝傟偰杻醿偟偨寢壥丄崟桘丄擱椏桘丄塼懱棸墿丄擹弅棸巁丄傾儞儌僯傾丄嶦拵嵻側偳丄悢昐枩儕僢僩儖偺壢妛揑墭愼暔幙偑戝婥拞偵楻弌偝傟偨丅380埲忋偺桘堜偵懳偡傞敋寕偵傛偭偰敪惗偟偨墝柖偼丄桳撆僈僗傗巁惈塉傪惗傫偩丅偲偙傠偑岺嬈梡僼傿儖僞乕側偳偑桝擖偱偒側偄偨傔偵丄偝傜側傞旐奞傪杊偖庤棫偰傪偲傞偙偲傕偱偒側偄丅愴憟慜偺僀儔僋偱偼尒傜傟側偐偭偨嶌暔幘昦偑枲墑偟偰丄怘椘惗嶻傕挊偟偔掅壓偟偰偄傞丅偝傜偵偼惗嶻惈岦忋偺偨傔偺擾栻傕桝擖偡傞偙偲偑偱偒側偄(Aziz, pp. 155-160)丅擾嶌抧偺僂儔儞偵傛傞墭愼偑丄彫敒偺惗嶻惈傪挊偟偔掅壓偝偣偨偲偄偆尋媶曬崘傕偁傞(WHO, 5.3.1)丅僀儔僋惌晎偼丄榩娸愴憟慜偺1989擭偐傜1998擭傑偱偺娫偺嬛桝慬抲偺塭嬁偱丄106枩恖偑巰朣偟偨偲悇寁偟偰偄傞(Republic of Iraq, 1997)丅偝傜偵僀儔僋惌晎偼丄暷塸惌晎偑惂嵸傪捠偠偰僈儞帯椕栻偺桝擖偝偊傕朩奞偟偰偄傞偲媻抏偟偰偄傞(Pandra Project, DU Info Bulletin, No. 46)

偙偺傛偆側戝婯柾側恖摴揑婋婡偵偮偄偰偺巜揈偑側偝傟偰偄傞拞偱丄孯帠揑棙塿偲晅悘揑懝奞偲偺娭學傪巊梡崙偺棙塿偺娤揰偐傜偺傒夝庍偡傞偙偲偼丄崙嵺幮夛偵偍偗傞恖摴揑婯斖偦偺傕偺偺婋婡傪堄枴偡傞偩傠偆丅傕偪傠傫偙偺傛偆偵尵偆偙偲偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偵偮偄偰偺壢妛揑尋媶偺昁梫惈傪寉傫偢傞偙偲傪堄枴偟側偄丅偟偐偟彮側偔偲傕楎壔僂儔儞偑愨懳揑偵埨慡側暔幙偱偼側偄偙偲偑妋偐偱偁傞埲忋丄晲椡暣憟偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偺栤戣傪丄崙嵺幮夛慡懱偺恖摴揑婯斖偺栤戣偲偟偰懆偊傞偙偲偼丄摉慠偺懺搙偩偲巚傢傟傞丅


嶲徠暥專

 

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- The Royal Society (2002), The Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium: Munitions, Part II, The Royal Society, available at [www.royalsoc.ac.uk/policy/du.htm].

 

- Russell, Dick, Sanford Lewis and Brian Keating (1992), 乬Inconclusive by Design: Waste, Fraud and Abuse in Federal Environmental Health Research,乭 The Environmental Health Network and the National Toxics Campaign Fund.

 

- Ryle, Margaret (1999), Further Information Relating to Depleted Uranium and its Possible Effects on People, Campaign aganst Depleted Uranium.

 

- Saleh, Mikdam M. and Ahmed J. Meqwar (1998), 乬The Effects of Depleted Uranium used by the Allied Forces on Men and the Biosphere in Selected Regions of the Southern Area of Iraq乭 Paper Presented at the Conference on Health and Environmental Consequences of Depleted Uranium used by U.S. and British Forces in the 1991 Gulf War, Hotel Al-Rashid, Baghdad, Iraq, December 2-3, 1998, available at [http://www.web-light.nl/VISIE/DUREPORT/mirror_dureport.htm].

 

- Simons, Marlise (2002), 乬Montenegro Cleaning Up Radioactive Legacy of War,乭 International Herald Tribune, September 3, 2002.

 

- Solnit, Rebecca (ed.) (1996), 乬Radioactive Battlefields of the 1990s: The United States Army乫s Use of Depleted Uranium and its Consequences for Human Health and the Environment: A Response to the Army乫s Unreleased Report on Depleted Uranium Weaponry,乭 The Military Toxics Project乫s Depleted Uranium Citizen乫s Network.

 

- UNEP/UNCHS Balkans Task Force (BTF) (1999), The Potential Effects on Human Health and the Environment Arising from Possible Use of Depleted Uranium during the 1999 Kosovo Conflict: A Preliminary Assessment, United Nations Environmental Programme, available at [[http://www.unep.org].

 

- UNEP (2001), Depleted Uranium in Kosovo: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment, United Nations Environmental Programme, 2001, available at [http://www.unep.org].

 

- UNEP (2002), Depleted Uranium in Serbia Montenegro: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, United Nations Environmental Programme, 2001, available at [http://www.unep.org]

 

- UN News (2002, Nov. 12), 乬UN Agency Identifies Risks from Depleted Uranium Used During Bosnia Conflict.乭

 

- UN News (2002, Nov. 14) 乬Ahead of Annan乫s Balkan乫s Trip, UN Agency Chief Reports on Depleted Uranium in Area.乭

 

- UN Sub-commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, website [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/2/sc.htm].

 

- USACHPPM (U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine), website [http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/].

 

- USACHPPM (2000), Health Risk Assessment Consultation, NO. 26-MF-7555-00D, Depleted Uranium: Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization In Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 乬Depleted Uranium in the Gulf乭 of the Office of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI), U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.

 

- United States Air Force, 乬Air Force Link,乭 乬Fighters乭 [http://www.af.mil/photos/fighters_a10.shtml].

 

- USGAO (United States General Accounting Office) (1993), Operation Desert Storm: Army Not Adequately Prepared to Deal With Depleted Uranium Contamination: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives(GA 1.13:NSIAD-93-90), United States General Accounting Office.

 

- USGAO (United States General Accounting Office) (2000), Report to Congressional Requests: Gulf War Illness: Understanding of Health Effects from Depleted Uranium Evolving but Safety Training Needed (GAO/NSIAD-00-70), United States General Accounting Office.

 

- United States Navy, 乬Fact Sheet: Phalanx Close-In Weapons System乭 [http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/factfile/weapons/wep-phal.html].

 

- Webshots, 乬Military乭 [http://community.webshots.com/album/33196692bGlcLf].

 

- WHO (World Health Organization) (2001), Depleted Uranium: Sources, Exposures and Health Effects (WHO/SDE/PHE/01.1), English Only Limited, April 2001, available at [http://www.who.int/environmental_information/radiation/depleted_uranium.htm].

 

- Williams, Dai (2002a), Mystery Metal Nightmare in Afghanistan?, Eos Life Work, available at [http://www.eoslifework.co.uk/pdfs/DU012v12.pdf].

 

- Williams, Dai (2002b), 乬Hazards of Uranium Weapons in the Proposed War on Iraq,乭 Eos Life Work, available at [http://www.eoslifework.co.uk/pdfs/Uhaziraq1.pdf].

 

- Zajic, Vladmir S. (1999), Review of Radioactivity, Military Use, and Health Effects of Depleted Uranium, July 1999 [http://vzajic.tripod.com].**

 

- 崙嵺峴摦僙儞僞乕丒楎壔僂儔儞嫵堢僾儘僕僃僋僩乮怴憅廋娔栿乯乮侾俋俋俉乯亀楎壔僂儔儞抏丗榩娸愴憟偱壗偑峴傢傟偨偐亁丄擔杮昡榑幮丅

 

- 帒尮僄僱儖僊乕挕乽尨巕椡偺儁乕僕乿丄[http://www.atom.meti.go.jp/siraberu/syori/01/index01s.html].

 

-丂幝揷塸楴(2001a)丄乽崙嵺恖摴朄偺嫮峴婯斖惈偲妀暫婍妀暫婍偺巊梡媦傃巊梡偺埿奷偵娭偡傞崙嵺巌朄嵸敾強姪崘揑堄尒偵偍偗傞jus in bellojus ad bellum丄偦偟偰朄偲惌帯乿丄亀峀搰暯榓壢妛亁丄23崋丄2001擭丄1-24暸丅

 

-丂幝揷塸楴(2001b)丄乽妀暫婍巊梡偲崙嵺恖摴朄乗1996擭妀暫婍巊梡偲巊梡偺埿奷偵娭偡傞崙嵺巌朄嵸敾強姪崘揑堄尒傪拞怱偵偟偰乿丄峀搰戝妛暯榓壢妛尋媶僙儞僞乕乮曇乯丄IPSHU尋媶曬崘僔儕乕僘尋媶曬崘NO.27亀億僗僩椻愴帪戙偺妀栤戣偲擔杮丗1999-2000擭搙峀搰戝妛暯榓壢妛尋媶僙儞僞乕僾儘僕僃僋僩曬崘彂亁強廂丄119-199暸丅

 

- 拞崙怴暦(2000)丄乽楎壔僂儔儞抏丒旐敇怺崗乿丄available at [http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/abom/uran/index.html].

 

- 楎壔僂儔儞抏尋媶夛丄website [http://www.jca.acp.org/DUCJ].

 

- 旤昹丒戝斞丒崅昹尨敪偵斀懳偡傞戝嶃偺夛(2001)丄亀楎壔僂儔儞抏乗旐奞偺幚懺偲恖懱塭嬁亁丄旤昹丒戝斞丒崅昹尨敪偵斀懳偡傞戝嶃偺夛丅

 

* 嶲徠売強偼奩摉崁栚偺弴彉傪斣崋壔偟偰昞婰偟偨丅

**丂嶲徠売強偼奩摉崁栚斣崋偱昞婰偟偨丅



[1] 側偍擔杮偺乽妀擱椏暔幙丄妀尨椏暔幙丄尨巕楩媦傃曻幩慄偺掕媊偵娭偡傞惌椷乿戞堦忦戞擇崁偑婯掕偡傞乽僂儔儞235偺僂儔儞238偵懳偡傞斾棪偑揤慠偺崿崌棪偵払偟側偄僂儔儞媦傃偦偺壔崌暔乿偱偁傞妀擱椏暔幙偑丄楎壔僂儔儞偱偁傞丅

[2] 偨偩偟偙傟偼傾儖僼傽慄偵娭偟偰偺偙偲偱偁傝丄楎壔僂儔儞偺憤妶摦検偼揤慠僂儔儞偺78%掱搙偱偁傞丅Zajic, 1-7.

[3] 側偍榋僼僢壔僂儔儞偼丄嬻婥拞偺悈忲婥偲寖偟偄壢妛揑斀墳傪婲偙偟偰丄撆惈偺嫮偄巁惈傪帩偮晠怘僼僢壔悈慺(hydrogen fluoride: HF)傗丄壔妛撆惈偍傛傃曻幩惈撆惈傪帩偮僼僢壔僂儔僯儖(uranyl fluoride: UO2F2)傪惗惉偡傞偺偱丄愽嵼揑側婋尟惈傪帩偮丅暷崙偱婲偙偭偨悢搙偺帠屘偱偼丄榋僼僢壔僂儔儞偑嬻婥拞偵曻弌偝傟偨偙偲偵傛偭偰丄巰幰傕弌偰偄傞(DOE, 乬Uranium Hexafluoride Accident History.乭)

[4] 1儅僀僋儘僌儔儉偼丄1枩暘偺1僌儔儉丅

[5] 僉儏儕乕(Ci)偲偼丄堦昩娫偵370壄屄(3.71010)偺尨巕妀偑曵夡偡傞傛偆側曻幩惈暔幙偺曻幩擻偺嫮偝傪昞偡丅

[6] 儀僋儗儖(Bq)偲偼丄堦昩娫偵1屄偺尨巕妀偑曵夡偡傞傛偆側曻幩惈暔幙偺曻幩擻偺嫮偝傪偄偆丅偟偨偑偭偰1僉儏儕乕偼3.7E10儀僋儗儖偲側傞丅

[7] 暷崙撪巤愝偺堦棗昞偼丄Catalinotto and Flounders, pp. 212-216丄嶲徠丅

[8] Jefferson Proving GroundAberdeen Proving Ground偵偍偗傞巊梡楎壔僂儔儞偺検偵偮偄偰偼丄弌強偵傛偭偰堎側傞悢帤偑帵偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偙偱偼AEPI偺悢帤傪桪愭偟偰嵦梡偟丄懠偺弌強偱帵偝傟偨悢帤偼妵屖撪偵帵偟偨丅側偍帪婜傪嬻棑偵偟偰偁傞売強偼丄晄柧偱偁傞丅

[9] 僔乕儀儖僩偼丄恖懱偑曻幩慄偵旐敇偟偨掱搙傪昞偡扨埵偱丄1僔乕儀儖僩亖100儗儉(1Sv=100rem)偺娭學偑偁傞丅1儗儉偼丄1儔僪偺僈儞儅慄偵傛偭偰丄恖懱慻怐偵惗偠傞惗暔妛揑塭嬁傪峫椂偟偨曻幩慄偺検丅僌儗僀偼丄侾僉儘僌儔儉偁偨傝侾僕儏乕儖偺僄僱儖僊乕媧廂偑偁傞偲偒偺媧廂慄検偱丄暔幙偑偳傟偩偗曻幩慄傪媧廂偟偨偐傪昞偡扨埵丅1僌儗僀亖100儔僪(1Gy=100rad)偺娭學偑偁傞丅儔僪偼丄擟堄偺曻幩慄偑暔幙偵偁偨偭偰丄偦偺暔幙侾僌儔儉偁偨傝100僄儖僌偺僄僱儖僊乕媧廂偑偍偒偨応崌偺媧廂慄検丅侾僄儖僌偼10E(-7)僕儏乕儖偱偁傞丅僕儏乕儖偲偼丄1僯儏乕僩儞乮1僉儘僌儔儉偺幙検傪帩偮暔懱偵嶌梡偟偰1昩娫偵昩懍1儊乕僩儖偺懍搙曄壔傪惗偠偝偣傞椡乯偺椡偑丄偁傞曽岦偵1儊乕僩儖偩偗暔懱傪摦偐偡帪偺僄僱儖僊乕傪昞傢偡丅

[10] 柉娫尋媶幰偺拞偵偼丄傾儊儕僇慡懱偺恖岥偵偍偗傞巰朣棪傗僈儞敪惗棪偺崅傑傝傪乮偨偲偊偽1950擭埲崀僈儞敪惗棪偼42.2%憹壛偟偨乯丄柍悢偺妀幚尡傗壔妛暔幙偺塭嬁偩偲偡傞幰傕偄傞(Russell, et al, p. v, Guenther, p. 118)

[11] 曻幩擻曐岇崙嵺埾堳夛(International Commission on Radiological Protection)偺儌僨儖傪WHO偑墖梡偟偨傕偺丅

[12] 僞僀僾M傪峔惉偡傞壔崌暔偑丄摨偠斖醗偵懏偡傋偒摨幙惈傪帩偭偰偄傞偐偳偆偐偵丄WHO偼媈擮傪昞柧偡傞丅傑偨娭楢僨乕僞偑慡偰屆偄偙偲偐傜丄WHO偼偙偺僞僀僾偺嫋梕検偵丄僞僀僾F偲摨偠抣傪揔梡偟偨(WHO, 8.4.2)

[13] 僞僀僾S 偵娭偡傞僨乕僞偼丄傗偼傝屆偔丄悢傕尷傜傟偰偄傞偑丄壔妛揑撆惈偵娭偟偰偼晄梟惈僂儔儞偺撆惈偼壜梟惈僂儔儞偺10暘偺1偲峫偊傜傟丄堦擔偁偨傝偺嫋梕愛庢検偼丄5.0兪g/kg乮懱廳乯偲偝傟傞(WHO, 8.4.3)

[14] 擇巁壔僂儔儞丄敧巁壔嶰僂儔儞偼丄僞僀僾S偵懏偡傞丅尷掕揑側壜梟惈傪帩偮嶰巁壔僂儔儞偼丄僞僀僾S偲僞僀僾F偺拞娫揑側僞僀僾M偵懏偡傞(WHO, 8.4.1-8.4.3)

[15] 曻幩慄傪梺傃偨応崌乮旐敇偟偨応崌乯丄恖懱拞偺慻怐傗憻婍偵傛偭偰惗暔妛揑塭嬁偑堎側傞偺偱丄奺憻婍偺乽慄検摉検乿偵偦偺憻婍偺姶庴惈 傪昞偡壸廳學悢傪偐偗偰懌偟偁傢偣偨傕偺傪乽幚岠慄検摉検乿偲屇傇丅捠 忢丄曻幩慄偺恖懱塭嬁傪昞尰偡傞嵺偼丄偙偺扨埵傪梡偄傞丅

[16] 9偲偺斾妑偺偨傔丄昅幰偑扨倗埵mSv0.1rem偲偟偰寁嶼偟偰丄rem昞帵偵抲偒姺偊偨丅

[17] 楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵偝傜偝傟側偐偭偨恖乆偺娫偱偺敪惗審悢偑晄柧偱偁偭偨丄鋁憻僈儞丄懥塼態僈儞丄嵛娵僈儞偺悢抣偼丄楎壔僂儔儞朇抏偺敋敪偵偝傜偝傟偨恖乆偵娭偡傞悢抣偐傜傕嵎偟堷偄偨丅

[18]鋁憻僈儞丄懥塼態僈儞丄嵛娵僈儞偺悢抣偼丄楎壔僂儔儞偵偝傜偝傟偨恖乆偵娭偡傞悢抣偐傜傕嵎偟堷偄偨丅

[19] 夛媍偱偺曬崘偱偼丄惈暿偵暘偗偨悢抣傕帵偝傟偨偑丄偙偙偱偼妱垽偟偨丅僈儞徢椺悢偼抝惈偺曽偑懡偐偭偨(Al-Jebouri, Tables 1-5)丅偩偑偦傟偼丄壥偨偟偰慡崙揑側孹岦側偺偐丄昦堾偵棃側偐偭偨幚嵺偺僈儞姵幰偑乮摿偵彈惈偺娫偵乯懚嵼偟側偄偐丄側偳偺媈栤偑夝徚偝傟側偄偆偪偼丄夝庍偡傞偙偲偺偱偒側偄摑寁偱偁傞傛偆偵巚傢傟傞丅傑偨杮曬崘彂偺栚揑偐傜丄1997-98擭偵徢椺偑曬崘偝傟側偐偭偨庬椶偺僈儞偼丄乽偦偺懠乿偲偟偨丅

[20] 僯儏儖儞儀儖僌嵸敾埲崀偵妋棫偝傟偨恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾偼丄偦偺嬶懱揑側撪梕偑昁偢偟傕柧妋偱偼側偄朄婯斖偱偁傞丅偁傜備傞怺崗側愴憟斊嵾偑丄恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾偵奩摉偡傞偲傕尵偊傞偩傠偆丅堦偮偺栚埨偲側傞偺偼丄ICTY傗ICC偺婯掱偱掕傔傜傟偨恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾偺撪梕偱偁傞丅ICTY婯掱偼丄恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾傪丄乽暥柉偵懳偟偰捈愙峴傢傟偨乿丄嶦恖丄焤柵丄搝楆壔丄捛曻丄峉嬛丄崏栤丄嫮偐傫丄惌帯揑丒恖庬揑媦傃廆嫵揑棟桼偵傛傞敆奞丄偦偺懠旕恖摴揑峴堊丄偲掕傔偰偄傞乮戞5忦乯丅ICC婯掱偵傛傟偽丄乽暥柉偨傞廧柉偵懳偡傞峀斖側枖偼慻怐揑側峌寕偺堦晹偲偟偰丄摉奩峌寕偺擣幆偲偲傕偵峴傢傟偨乿丄嶦恖丄焤柵丄搝楆壔丄廧柉偺捛曻枖偼嫮惂堏憲丄崙嵺朄偺婎杮揑側婯惂偵斀偡傞峉嬛枖偼偦偺懠偺恎懱揑帺桼偺廳戝側攳扗丄崏栤丄嫮姯丒惈揑搝楆丒嫮惂攧偄傫丒嫮惂擠怭丒嫮惂晄擠丒枖偼椶帡偺廳戝惈傪桳偡傞偦偺懠偺宍懺偱偺惈揑朶椡丄摿掕偺廤抍枖偼抍懱偵懳偡傞敆奞丄嫮惂幐鏗丄傾僷儖僩僿僀僩斊嵾丄恎懱枖偼惛恄揑庒偟偔偼擏懱揑寬峃偵懳偟偰屘堄偵廳偄嬯捝傪梌偊枖偼廳戝側彎奞傪傕偨傜偡椶帡偺惈奿偺偦偺懠偺旕恖摴揑峴堊丄側偳偑恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾偵偁偨傞丅楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺峀斖埻側塭嬁傪峫偊傞偲丄偦偺旕恖摴揑惈奿偼丄恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾傪峔惉偡傞偺偵廫暘偩偲峫偊傞尒曽傕偁傞偐傕偟傟側偄丅偟偐偟乽廧柉偵懳偡傞峌寕偺堦晹偲偟偰乿峴傢傟丄乽摉奩峌寕偺擣幆偲偲傕偵乿峴傢傟傞峴堊偩偗偑丄恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾傪峔惉偡傞傢偗側偺偱丄朄棩榑揑偵偼丄扨側傞楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡傪恖摴偵懳偡傞嵾偲偡傞偙偲偼崲擄偩偲尵偊傞偩傠偆丅側偤側傜娧捠懱偲偟偰偺楎壔僂儔儞偺巊梡偼丄偨偲偊峀斖埻偵梡偄傜傟偨偲偟偰傕丄偦傟帺懱偲偟偰偼乽廧柉偵懳偡傞峌寕偺堦晹乿乽偺擣幆乿偺懚嵼傪徹柧偟側偄偐傜偱偁傞丅

[21] 2(a)偱乽1949812擔偺僕儏僱乕償彅忦栺偺廳戝側堘斀峴堊乿偺堦偮偲偟偰丄乽(iii)恎懱枖偼寬峃偵懳偟偰屘堄偵廳偄嬯捝枖偼廳戝側彎奞傪壛偊傞偙偲乿傪掕傔偰偄傞丅偟偐偟偙傟偼偁偔傑偱傕乽娭楢偡傞僕儏僱乕償彅忦栺偺婯掕偵婎偯偄偰曐岇偝傟傞恖枖偼暔偵懳偡傞乿峴堊偱偁傞偙偲偑丄媮傔傜傟傞丅偙傟傑偱偺楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡椺傪尒傞偲丄晲椡暣憟偵偍偗傞楎壔僂儔儞暫婍偺巊梡偑丄1949擭僕儏僱乕償彅忦栺偱曐岇偝傟傞恖枖偼暔偵偐偐傢偭偰偔傞壜擻惈偁傞偄偼搙崌偄偼丄偁傑傝崅偔側偄偲巚傢傟傞丅偨偲偊偽戞巐忦栺乮暥柉忦栺乯偑曐岇偡傞偺偼丄偁偔傑偱傕乽暣憟枖偼愯椞偺応崌偵偍偄偰丄偄偐側傞帪偱偁傞偲丄傑偨偄偐側傞宍偱偁傞偲傪栤傢偢丄暣憟摉帠崙枖偼愯椞崙偺尃椡撪偵偁傞幰偱偦偺暣憟摉帠崙枖偼愯椞崙偺崙柉偱側偄傕偺乿偱偁傞乮暥柉忦栺戞4忦乯丅